برهم‌کنش بیوچار با اجزای خاک و پایداری آن در طول زمان
محورهای موضوعی : مباحث نوین در فیزیک خاک
یاسر عظیم زاده
1
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آرش محمدزاده
2
1 - استادیار بخش تحقیقات مدیریت منابع، مؤسسه تحقیقات کشاورزی دیم کشور، سازمان تحقیقات آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، مراغه، ایران.
2 - استادیار بخش تحقیقات مدیریت منابع، مؤسسه تحقیقات کشاورزی دیم کشور، سازمان تحقیقات آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، مراغه، ایران.
کلید واژه: ویژگی‌های خاک, ترسیب کربن, کربن آلی,
چکیده مقاله :
زمینه و هدف: بیوچار یک ماده کربنی مقاوم به تجزیه است که از حرارت دادن انواع زیست‌توده‌های آلی در یک محیط عاری از اکسیژن و یا با اکسیژن محدود تولید می‌شود و با هدف افزایش کربن آلی و بهبود ویژگی‌های فیزیکی، شیمیایی و زیستی خاک به کار برده می‌شود. بنابراین کاربرد آن در خاک‌های کم‌حاصلخیز مناطق گرم و خشک ایران که غالباً دچار کمبود کربن آلی هستند، حائز اهمیت است. علاوه‌بر آن، بیوچار به علت پایداری بسیار زیاد در خاک، می‌تواند دی‌اکسیدکربن اتمسفری را برای مدت چند صد الی چند هزار سال در خاک ترسیب نماید. همچنین، می تواند حاصلخیزی خاک را برای مدت طولانی با تأثیر بر خواص فیزیکی، شیمیایی و بیولوژیکی آن بهبود ببخشد. بنابراین، پایداری بیوچار تحت‌تأثیر عوامل متعددی همچون ویژگی‌های بیوچار و خاک، برهم‌کنش بیوچار با اجزای خاک و عوامل محیطی قرار می‌گیرد که در این مقاله مورد بررسی قرار می‌گیرد. استفاده از بیوچار در خاک های مناطق خشک و نیمه خشک ایران که اغلب دارای کمبود کربن آلی هستند، حائز اهمیت است.روش پژوهش: در این مقاله مروری، ضمن بررسی شواهدی از پایداری زیاد بیوچار در خاک‌ها، مهم‌ترین عوامل مؤثر در سرنوشت بیوچار شامل سازوکارهای خروج بیوچار از خاک، تثبیت بیوچار و برهم‌کنش‌های بیوچار با اجزای خاک مورد بررسی قرار گرفته و خلأها و زمینه‌های تحقیقاتی مورد نیاز در این زمینه ارائه می‌شود.یافته‌ها: بیوچار در مقایسه با اجزای اصلی کربن در زیست‌توده مقاومت بیشتری برای تجزیه و تخریب دارد. با این حال، با برهم‌کنش با اجزای خاک، به مرور زمان دچار تغییر و تحول شده و از خاک خارج می‌شود. شدت این تغییر و تحول‌ها و مدت‌زمان ماندگاری بیوچار در خاک به نوع بیوچار بستگی دارد؛ به‌طوری که بیوچارهای تولید شده از زیست‌توده‌های علفی و بیوچارهای تولید شده در دماهای پایین پایداری کمتری دارند. علاوه‌برآن، بیوچار با تمام اجزای خاک شامل، مواد آلی، ذرات معدنی، عناصر غذایی، موجودات زنده و آب و هوای خاک برهم‌کنش داشته و برآیند این برهم‌کنش‌ها میزان پایداری بیوچار در خاک را تعیین می‌نماید. عوامل بیرونی مانند حضور گیاه و تغییرات القایی ریشه، فرسایش‌های بادی و آبی، آبشویی و آتش‌سوزی نیز بر سرنوشت بیوچار در خاک تأثیر می‌گذارند. از این میان، با توجه به برهم‌کنش‌های بین ریزجانداران و بیوچار در خاک، به نظر می‌رسد ریزجانداران خاک مهم‌ترین نقش را در تجزیه و تخریب بیوچار ایفا می‌کنند. با این حال، سازوکارهایی مانند حبس شدن ذرات بیوچار در داخل خاک‌دانه‌ها، پیوند بیوچار با اجزای آلی و معدنی خاک و غیرفعال‌سازی آنزیم‌های خاک توسط بیوچار می‌تواند پایداری و ماندگاری بیوچار را در خاک افزایش دهد.نتایج: با توجه به پایداری بسیار زیاد بیوچار در خاک و ضرورت افزایش کربن آلی خاک به‌عنوان اصلی‌ترین عامل حاصلخیزی، کاربرد بیوچار در خاک‌های ایران می‌تواند ضمن افزایش کربن آلی خاک، به‌طور مستقیم و غیرمستقیم حاصلخیزی این خاک‌ها را بهبود بخشد. با این حال، بیوچار بعد از افزوده شدن به خاک، با اجزای خاک وارد برهم‌کنش شده و ویژگی‌های آن در طی زمان دچار تغییر و تحول می‌شود و به‌علت نوظهور بودن فناوری بیوچار و گستردگی زمینه‌های کاربرد آن، هنوز اطلاعات ما در زمینه برهم‌کنش‌های آن با اجزای مختلف خاک و تغییر و تحولات بلندمدت آن در خاک و محیط زیست به روشنی مشخص نشده و تحقیقات زیادی در این زمینه مورد نیاز است.
Background and Aim: Biochar is a carbon-rich charcoal material resistant to decomposition, which is produced by heating biomasses in an oxygen-free environment or with limited oxygen. It is used with the aim of increasing organic carbon and improving the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of the soil. Thus its use in the low-fertile soils of hot and dry regions of Iran, which are often deficient in organic carbon, is important. Addition to its high stability in the soil, biochar can sequester atmospheric carbon dioxide in the soil for several hundred to several thousand years. In addition, it can improve soil fertility for a long time by affecting its physical, chemical, and biological properties. The stability of biochar is affected by several factors, such as the characteristics of biochar and soil, the interaction of biochar with soil components and environmental factors, which are examined in this article. Therefore, it is important to use biochar in the soils of arid and semi-arid regions of Iran, which are often deficient in organic carbon.Method: In this review article, while investigating the evidences of the high stability of biochar in the soils, the most effective factors the fate of biochar in the soil, including the mechanisms of biochar removal from the soil, biochar stabilization in the soil, and interactions of biochar with soil components, and the gaps and required research areas are presented.Results: Biochar is higher resistant to degradation than the original carbon compounds in biomass. However, by interacting with soil components, biochar undergoes changes over time and is removed from the soil. The intensity of these changes and biochar residence time in the soil depends a lot on the type of biochar; So, biochars produced from grassy biomass and biochars produced at low temperatures are less stable. In addition, biochar interacts with all soil components, including organic matter, mineral particles, nutrients, living organisms, and soil water and atmosphere, and the result of these interactions determines the stability of biochar in soil. External factors such as the presence of plant and induced root changes, wind and water erosions, leaching, and fire also affect the fate of biochar in the soil. Among these, considering the interactions between microorganisms and biochar in soil, it seems that soil microorganisms play the most important role in the decomposition and destruction of biochar in soil. However, mechanisms such as the entrapment of biochar particles inside aggregates, binding of biochar with organic and inorganic components of soil, and inactivation of soil enzymes by biochar can increase the stability and durability of biochar in soil.Conclusion: Considering the very high stability of biochar in soil and the necessity of increasing soil organic carbon as the main factor of soil fertility factor, the use of biochar in Iranian soils it can directly and indirectly improve the fertility of these soils while increasing soil organic carbon. However, after biochar is added to the soil, it interacts with the soil components and its characteristics change and evolve over time (aging). However, due to the novelty of biochar technology and the wide range of its application fields, our information on its interactions with various soil components, its long-term changes and developments in the soil and environment, and its long-term effects on the soil and the environment are not yet clearly defined and much research is needed in this field.
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