اثر تغيير اقليم بر مواد آلي خاک و فعاليت زيستي خاک
محورهای موضوعی : خشکسالی در هواشناسی و کشاورزی
آرش محمدزاده
1
(استاديار بخش تحقيقات مديريت منابع طبیعی، مؤسسه تحقيقات كشاورزي ديم كشور، سازمان تحقيقات آموزش و ترويج كشاورزي، مراغه، ايران. )
یاسر عظیم زاده
2
(استاديار بخش خدمات فني و تحقيقاتي، مؤسسه تحقيقات کشاورزي ديم کشور، سازمان تحقيقات آموزش و ترويج كشاورزي، مراغه، ايران.)
کلید واژه: کربن آلي خاک, سلامت خاک, تغيير اقليم, گرمايش جهاني, گازهاي گلخانه‌اي,
چکیده مقاله :
پديده تغيير اقليم يکي از مهم‌ترين چالش‌هاي جهاني بشر در تأمين غذاي کافي و سالم جمعيت روزافزون جهان به شمار مي‌رود. عوامل پيش‌برنده تغيير اقليم مانند افزايش دما، تغيير الگوهاي بارش و افزايش فراواني و شدت رخدادهاي جوي، ويژگي‌هاي خاک را به‌ويژه در بوم‌نظام‌هاي مناطق خشک و نيمه‌خشک تحت‌تأثير قرار مي‌دهد. اين اثرات مي‌توانند مستقيماً بر رشد و توليد گياهان زراعي اثر بگذارند. ميزان مواد آلي خاک از مهم‌ترين شاخصهاي کيفيت و سلامت خاک است که بسياري از ويژگي‌هاي فيزيکي، شيميايي و زيستي خاک را تحت‌تأثير قرار مي‌دهد و به‌طور مستقيم و غيرمستقيم تحت‌تأثير عوامل اقليمي ازجمله دما و بارندگي قرار مي‌گيرد. از طرف ديگر، تعادل ورود و خروج کربن آلي به خاک بر ميزان دي‌اکسيد کربن اتمسفر و در نتيجه بر گرمايش جهاني و پديده تغيير اقليم مؤثر است. نتايج بسياري از پيش‌بيني‌ها نشان مي‌دهد که در مناطق خشک و نيمه‌خشک، تغيير اقليم منجر به افزايش دما و کاهش بارندگي خواهد شد. بنابراين، با توجه به اينکه با افزايش دما و کاهش رطوبت، ميزان ماده آلي خاک کاهش مي‌يابد، به نظر مي‌رسد پديده تغيير اقليم اثرات نامطلوبي بر ميزان ماده آلي و فعاليت زيستي خاک و به دنبال آن بر توليد محصول در مناطق خشک و نيمه‌خشک خواهد گذاشت. لذا بکارگيري راهکارهاي لازم در خصوص تخفيف اين اثرات نامطلوب و سازگاري با شرايط پيش‌رو از اهميت بسزايي برخوردار است. تخفيف به روش‌هايي مربوط مي‌شود که منجر به کاهش انتشار گازهاي گلخانه‌اي به‌ويژه دي‌اکسيد کربن مي‌شود؛ اما هدف از سازگاري ملايم نمودن اثرات غيرقابل اجتناب ناشي از تغيير اقليم است. بر اساس نتايج آزمايش‌هاي مختلف منتشر شده، رعايت اصول سيستم کشاورزي حفاظتي از مهم‌ترين راهکارهاي تخفيف اثرات و سازگاري با پيامدهاي تغيير اقليم در مناطق خشک و نيمه‌خشک به شمار مي‌رود. با توجه به اين که پديده تغيير اقليم رخدادي اجتناب‌ناپذير بوده و آثار و پيامدهاي نامطلوب آن در زندگي بشر روزبه‌روز بيشتر و شديدتر احساس مي‌شود، لازم است در مديريت منابع خاک، پيش‌آگاهي‌هاي لازم درخصوص نتايج اين پديده بر کيفيت خاک و پتانسيل توليد محصولات کشاورزي به‌ويژه در مناطق خشک و نيمه‌خشک در نظر گرفته شود.
Climate change phenomenon is one of the most important global challenges for mankind in providing sufficient and healthy food for the ever-increasing world population. The leading factors of climate change, such as increasing temperature, changing precipitation patterns, and increasing the frequency and intensity of weather events, affect soil characteristics, especially in the ecosystems of arid and semi-arid regions. These changes can directly affect the growth and production of crops. The amount of soil organic matter is one of the most important indicators of soil quality and health, which affects many physical, chemical and biological characteristics of soil and is directly and indirectly affected by climatic factors such as temperature and rainfall. On the other hand, the balance of input and output of organic carbon to the soil is effective on the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and thus on global warming and the climate change phenomenon. The results of many forecasts show that in arid and semi-arid regions, climate change will lead to an increase in temperature and a decrease in rainfall. Therefore, considering that the amount of organic matter in the soil decreases with the increase in temperature and decrease in humidity, it seems that the phenomenon of climate change will have adverse effects on the amount of soil organic matter and biological activity, and then on the production of crops in arid and semi-arid regions. Therefore, it is very important to use the necessary solutions to mitigate these adverse effects and adapt to the upcoming conditions. Mitigation refers to methods that lead to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, especially carbon dioxide; But the goal of adaptation is to mitigate the inevitable effects of climate change. Based on the results of various publications, compliance with the principles of the conservation agriculture system is considered one of the most important mitigation and adaptation solutions in dealing with the consequences of climate change in arid and semi-arid regions. Due to the fact that the climate change phenomenon is an inevitable event and its adverse effects and consequences in human life are felt more and more intense day by day, it is necessary for the management of soil resources to have the necessary foresight regarding the results of this phenomenon on the quality of the soil and the potential of producing agricultural products, especially in Arid and semi-arid areas should be considered.
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