تأثیر تراکم بوته و روش¬های کنترل علف¬های هرز بر خصوصیات رویشی و عملکرد لوبیا قرمز
محورهای موضوعی : توليد محصولات زراعي
1 - دانش آموخته كارشناسي ارشد، گروه زراعت، واحد خوي، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامي، خوي، ايران
کلید واژه: درصد پروتئین, علف کش, عملکرد بیولوژیک, عملکرد دانه, لوبیا قرمز,
چکیده مقاله :
استفاده از تراکم کاشت مناسب و کنترل صحیح علف¬های هرز، از جمله عوامل مهم در دستیابی به عملکرد بالا در لوبیا قرمز است. به منظور ارزیابی اثرات تراکم بوته و کنترل علف¬های هرز بر خصوصیات رویشی و عملکرد لوبیا قرمز، آزمایش فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک¬های کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار در مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی شهرستان خوی در سال زراعی 97-1396 اجرا گردید. در این تحقیق تراکم کاشت در سه سطح 20، 25 و 30 بوته در متر¬مربع و روش¬های کنترل علف¬های هرز در چهار سطح عدم کنترل، علف‌کش اختصاصی (بنتازون)، کنترل دستی و کاربرد علف¬کش عمومی (پاراکوات) انتخاب شدند. نتایج تحقیق نشان داد که اثر متقابل تراکم کاشت و روش¬های کنترل علف¬های هرز، بر صفات تعداد شاخه جانبی، تعداد غلاف در بوته، عملکرد دانه، عملکرد بیولوژیک و عملکرد پروتئین معنی¬دار بود و بر صفات دیگر همچون ارتفاع بوته و درصد پروتئین دانه اثر معنی¬داری نداشت. بیشترین عملکرد دانه و عملکرد بیولوژیک در تراکم کاشت 30 بوته در متر مربع و اعمال وجین دستی به ترتیب 3391 و 15275 کیلوگرم در هکتار به دست آمد و بیشترین درصد پروتئین دانه نیز در تراکم 20 بوته در متر مربع و اعمال وجین دستی علف¬های هرز به میزان 8/24 درصد حاصل شد . نتایج این بررسی نشان داد که در بین روش¬های مختلف کنترل علف¬های هرز، روش کنترل دستی از برتری نسبی برخوردار می¬باشد و مصرف علف¬کش عمومی به تنهایی در کنترل و مهار علف¬های هرز لوبیا قرمز کار¬آمد نیست. تولید عملکرد دانه حداکثر با تراکم 30 بوته در متر مربع حاکی از عکس العمل مثبت لوبیا قرمز به تراکم‌‌های بالا گیاهی می‌باشد.
An appropriate plant density and weed control method is highly influential factor in the production of kidney beans with high yield. To examine the effects of plant density and weed control methods on vegetative and reproductive characteristics and yield of kidney beans, the Research Center of Agriculture in Khoy –W. Azarbaijan conducted a factorial experiment in the form of randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications from 2018 to 2019. In this study plant density at three levels of 20, 25 and 30 plants per square meter, and weed control methods at four levels of non-control, selective herbicide (bentazon ), manual control and application of general herbicide (paraquat) were chosen. The results showed that there was a significant relationship between plant density and weed control methods and lateral branches, number of pods per plant , grain yield, biological yield and protein yield; however there was no meaningful relationship between plant density and weed control methods and other characteristics such as plant height and the percentage of grain protein. The highest grain and biological yield were obtained at a planting density of 30 plants per square meter and manual weeding; afterwards, the manual weeding was followed at 3391 and 15275 kg/ha respectively and the highest percentage of grain protein at a density of 20 plants per square meter together with manual weeding was obtained at the level up to 24.8 %. The results also indicated that the manual control method was relatively effective and proved to be better than all other methods, with the consequence that herbicides by themselves were not effective in controlling weeds of kidney beans. Production of grain yield with a maximum density of 30 plants per square meter indicated that a positive response of kidney beans to the high density of the plants.
Aguyoh, j. and N. J. B. Masiunas. 2003. "Interference of large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis) with snap bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.)." Weed Sei. 51: 171-176.
Ahmadi, A., M.H. Rashed mohsel, M.A. Baghestani meybodi, and M. Rostami. 2004. "the effects of critical period of weed competition on yield, yield components and morphophysiological characteristics of dry bean (phaseolus vulgaris l.) cultivar, derakhshan." Entomology And Phytopatology 72 (1): 31-49. (In Persion).
Amirmoradi, SH., and P. Rezvani moghaddam. 2011. "effect of plant density and time of nitrogen application on morphological, phenological characteristics, yield and yield components of black cumin (nigella sativa l.)." Horticulture Science 25 (3): 251-260. (In Persion).
Armin, M., G. Noormohammadi, E. Zand, M. A. Baghestani, and F. Darvish. 2007. Using plant density to increase competition ability in more and less competitive wheat cultivar wild oat. Asian Journal of Plant Sciences. 6: 599-604.
Baghestani, M. A. 2007. "Competitive Strength of rival varieties of different densities of non-competing wheat in wheat and turnip." Final report of the Research project, Registration number 1118/86. Tehran: weed Research Divisin Research Country Giahpezeshki.
Beizaii, A. 1999. "In Persian Project Final Report and Compare the Yield of White Beans, Red and Pinto." Centrat Agriculture Reseaarch Center.
Birhanu, asaye, tilahun Tadesse, and daniel Tadesse. 2018. "Effect of inter- and intra-row spacing on yield and yield components of mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) under rain-fed condition at Metema District, northwestern Ethiopia." Agriculture & Food Security 7:84.
Burnsid, O.C., M.J. Weinse, B.J. Holder, S. Weisberg, E.A. Ristau, M.M. Johnson, and J.H. Cameron. 1998. "Critical period for weed control in dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)." Weed Science 46: 301-306.
Deyhimfard, R. 2004. Evaluation of Morphophysiological Characteristics Affecting the Growth Yield of Some Wheat Cultivars under Competition with Broad-leaved Manduca (Eruca sativa Mill). MSc Thesis, Tehran: College of Aburaihan.
Ehteshami, S.M., S. Soleimani, and A.R. Pazoki. 2015. "effect of weed competition on morphophysiologic indices, yield and yield components of rapeseed (brassica napus l.) cv. zarfam in varamin." Applied Field crops Research (Pajouhesh & Sazandehi) 109 :121-131. (In Persion).
Ghamari, H., and G. Ahmadvand. 2012. Weed interference affects dry bean yield and growth. Natural Science Biological, 4: 10-15.
Ghamari, H., and Gh. Ahmadvand. 2015. Effect of weed competition on seed’s protein, seed’s electrical conductivity and leaf’s relative chlorophyll content of dry bean. Applied Field Crops Research (Pajouhesh & Sazandegi) 107: 67-73. (In Farsi).
Ghanbari, A.A., and M. Taheri Mazandarani. 2003. Effects of sowing date and plant density on yield of spotted bean. Seed and Plant Improvment Journal 19(4): 483-496. (In Farsi)
Hamzei, Y., J.M. Seyedi, and M. Babaei. 2016. "Competitive Ability of Lentil (Lens culinaris L.) Cultivars to Weed Interference under Rain-fed Conditions." Agroecology 8(1): 82-94. (In Persion).
Hartwig, N.L. and H. U. Ammon. 2003. "50th Anniversary-invited article cover crops and living mulches." Weed. Sci. 50: 688-699.
Herbert, S.J., and F.D. Baggerman. 1983. "Cowpea response to width, density and irrigation." Agron. J. 75: 982-986.
Hohlberg, A.I., and D.W. Stanley. 1987. Hard-to-cook defect in black beans protein and starch considerations. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 35(4): 571-576.
Hungria, M., D.S. Andrade, L.M.O. Chueire, A. Probanza, F.J. Guttierrez-Manero, M. Megias. 2000. "Isolation and characterization of new efficient and competitive bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) rhizobia from Brazil." Soil Biology and Biochemistry (32):1515-1528.
Jafari, A.R., M.R. Ardakani, H.R. Darii, A.A. Ghanbari, and M.N. Elkaee. 2010. "Effect of Plant Spacing and Plant Density on Yield and Yield Components of Two White Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Promising Lines in Presence and Absence of Weeds." Iranian Journal Of Field Crops Research 8 (1): 34-41. (In Persion).
Javadi, H. 2004. Effect plant density on growth, yield and yield components of four varieties of grain sorghum. M.Sc. Thesis in Agriculture, Iran: Department of Agriculture, Azad University of Birjand.
Kavurmaci, Z., U. Karadavut, K. Kokten, and A. Bakoglu. 2010. Determining critical period of weed-crop competition in faba bean (Vicia faba). International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 12: 318-320.
Khademhamzeh, H.R., M. Karimi, A. Rezaie, and M. Ahmadi. 2004. Effect of plant density and planting date on agronomic characteristics, yield and yield components in soybean. Iranian Journal of Agriculture Science 35(2): 357-367. (In Farsi).
Khoshvaghti, H. 2006. Effect of water limitation on growth rate, grain filling and yield of three pinto bean cultivar. M.Sc. Thesis. Faculty of Agriculture. Tabriz University. (In Farsi).
Lake, M.R., H.R. Dorrii, and L. Farahani. 2013. "- Effect of weeds Interference on Yield and Yield Components of Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)." Iranian Journal of Weed Science 9(1): 65-78. (In Persion).
Malik, C.S., C.J. Sowanton, and T.E. Michaels. 1993. "Interaction of white bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) cultivars, row spacing and seed density with annual weeds." Weed Sci. 41: 62-68.
Mosavi, M.R. 2008. Weed Control (Prineiples and Practices). Tehran: Tehran Gohar Press.
Noori, M., A. Nasrollahzadeh, M.H. Moosavi Anzabi, and A. Valizadeghan. 2012. "evaluation of the effects of plant density and distance between rows on the yield and yield components in pinto bean (phaseolus vulgaris l.) in west azerbaijan." Journal Of Agriculture Science Research 4 (16): 117-128. (In Persion).
Parvizi, S., R. Amirnia, B. Paseban islam, A. Hasanzadeh gorttapeh, and Y. Raeii. 2011. "Evaluation of different plant densities effects on rate and process of grain filling, yield and yield components in varieties of dry bean." Plant Production Science 18 (1): 69-87. (In Persion).
Powelson, A., R. Ludy, R.E. peachy, and D. Mc Grath. 1999. "Row spacing effect on White mold and snap bean yield." Horticulture Weed Control.
Rabiei, M., and M. Jeilani. 2014. Effect of row spacing and seed rate on grain yield, protein and agronomical traits on two cultivar of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris l.) in rasht region. Journal of Crop Improvment 16(2): 369-380. (In Farsi).
Randhawa, M.A., Z.A. Cheema, and ali. M Anjum. 2002. "Influence of Trianthema portulacastrum Infestation and Nitrogen on Qualify of Maize Grain." International Journal of Agriculture and Biology Vol. 4 : 513-514.
Rasoulzadeh, N. 2013. Effect of different nitrogen levels and weeds control on yield and agronomic characteristics of the wax bean in the city of Khoy. MSc thesis, Khoy: Islamic Azad University.
Rezvani, M., F. Zaefarian, S. A. Fani Yazdi, and M. Jovieni. 2012. Effect of dry matter allocation in vegetative and reproductive growth stages on competitiveness of soybean cultivars. International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences. 4(12): 1614-1622.
Rohrig, M., and H. Stutzel. 2001. Canopy development of chenopodium album in pure and mixed stands. Weed Research 41: 111-228.
Shafaroodi, A., M. Zavareh, Gh. Peyvast, and H. Darii. 2012. Effect of Sowing Date and Plant Density on Grain Yield and Yield Components in Dry Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Landraces. Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production 22(3): 47-60. (In Farsi).
Silim, S.N., and M.C. Saxena. 1992. Compartive performance of some faba bean (Vicia faba) cultivars of contrasting plant types. The Journal of Agricultural Science 118(3): 325-332.
Taleie, A., K. Pustini and S. Dawazdeh Emami. 2000. Effects of plant density on physiological characteristics ofsome spotted bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Science 3: 477-487.(In Farsi).
Vangessel, J.M., E.E. Schweizer, R.G. Wilson, L.J. Wiles, and P. Westra. 1998. Impact of timing frequncy and frequency of in-row cultivation for weed control in dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). Weed Technol 12: 548-553.
Vazeri, M., A. Nasrollahzadeh, M.H. Moosavi, and A. Valizadeghan. 2012. Effect of plant population on yield and yield components of soybean in different row spacing. Journal of Agriculture Science Research 5(5): 45-58. (In Farsi).
Williams, M., and J.L. Lindquist. 2007. Influence of planting date and weed interference on sweet corn growth and development. Agronomy Journal 99: 1066-1072.