Mechanical Stability of RCSed and ECAPed Intramedullary 316L Stainless Steel Nails in the Treatment of Diaphyseal Bone Fractures

Subject Areas :

Abdolreza Rastitalab ¹ , Salar Khajehpour ² , Ahmad Afsari ³ , Shahin Heidari ⁴ , Javad Dehghani ⁵

1 - Department of Mechanical, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran
2 - Department of Mechanical, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran
3 - Department of Mechanical, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran
4 - Bone and Joint Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
5 - Bone and Joint Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

Received: 2021-08-25 Accepted : 2021-12-05 Published : 2021-11-01

Keywords: Severe Plastic Deformation (SPD), Finite elements method, intramedullary nailing, Diaphyseal bone fractures,

Abstract :

Over the last several decades, implants have been used to treat fractures and promote healing. The most important reason for deformation and shortening of the bone during healing due to loading on the nails is a lack of strength of the intramedullary nail. Materials with very fine grain dimensions are considered for such purposes. Ultrafine-grained (UFG) materials have structural elements with very fine grain sizes. Several methods for producing UFG materials have been developed, one of which is the top-down approach, which refines coarse-grained metals via severe plastic deformation (SPD). The SPD technique has several advantages that set it apart from other methods of synthesizing. Two of the SPD methods used in this study were the repetitive corrugation and straightening (RCS) process and the equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) process on a 316L stainless steel rod. Mechanical tests were performed on the rods produced using these methods. Under loading, simulation results revealed that the bone implanted by the RCS rod has greater structural stiffness than the bone implanted by an ECAPed 316L stainless steel rod.

References:

[1] Srivastava, A.K., Mehlman, C.T., Wall, E.J. and Do, T.T. 2008. Elastic stable intramedullary nailing of tibial shaft fractures in children. Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics. 28(2): 152-158.

[2] Rastitalab, A., Khajepour, S., Dehghani, J., Afsari, A. and Heidari, S. 2021. Evaluating the Stability of the Fractured Bone Implanted with Titanium Elastic Nails in C and S Configurations. Journal of Hunan University Natural Sciences. 48(9): 349-357.

[3] Perren, Stephan M., 1989. The biomechanics and biology of internal fixation using plates and nails. Orthopedics; Thorofare. 12(1): 21-34.

[4] Chen, X.H., Lu, J., Lu, L. and Lu, K. 2005. Tensile properties of a nanocrystalline 316L austenitic stainless steel. Scripta materialia. 52(10): 1039-1044.

[5] Vilotić, M., Dačević, N., Milutinović, M., Movrin, D. and Siðanin, L. 2020. New severe plastic deformation method for 316l medical grade steel processing new SPD method for 316L steel processing. Acta Technica Corviniensis-Bulletin of Engineering. 13(1): 13-16.

[6] Wang, D., Song, C., Yang, Y. and Bai, Y. 2016. Investigation of crystal growth mechanism during selective laser melting and mechanical property characterization of 316L stainless steel parts. Materials & Design. 100: 291-299.

[7] Tahavvor, A.R., Zarrinchang, P. and Heidari, S. 2015. Numerical simulation of turbulent airflow in a human upper respiratory system. Modares Mechanical Engineering. 14(15): 267-272.

[8] Heidari, S. and Afsari, A. 2021. Study of Mechanical Properties of 7075 Aluminum Alloy Due to Particle Size Reduction due to Constrained Groove Pressing CGP Process. Journal of Modern Processes in Manufacturing and Production. 10(1): 5-18.

[9] Husaain, Z., Ahmed, A., Irfan, O.M. and Al-Mufadi F. 2017. Severe plastic deformation and its application on processing titanium: a review. International Journal of Engineering and Technology. 9(6): 426-431.

[10] Zhengjie, L., Liqiang, W., Kelvin, W.K.Y. and Jining, Q. 2013. The ultrafine-grained titanium and biomedical titanium alloys processed by severe plastic deformation (SPD). SOJ Materials Science & Engineering. 1(1): 1-5.

[11] Niinomi, M. 2008. Biologically and mechanically biocompatible titanium alloys.Materials transactions. 49(10): 2170-2178.

[12] Greger, M., Kander, L., Snášel, V. and Černý, M. 2011. Microstructure evolution of pure titanium during ECAP. Materials and Design. 18: 97-104.

[13] de Oliveira, D.P., Toniato, T.V., Ricci, R., Marciano, F.R., Prokofiev, E., Valiev, R.Z., Lobo, A.O. and Júnior, A.M.J. 2019. Biological response of chemically treated surface of the ultrafine-grained Ti–6Al–7Nb alloy for biomedical applications. International journal of nanomedicine. 14: 1725-1730.

[14] Heidari, S., Afsari, A. and Ranaei, M.A. 2020. Increasing Wear Resistance of Copper Electrode in Electrical Discharge Machining by Using Ultra-Fine-Grained Structure. Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals. 73(11): 2901-2910.

[15] Mirsepasi, A., Nili-Ahmadabadi, M., Habibi-Parsa, M., Ghasemi-Nanesa, H. and Dizaji, A.F. 2012. Microstructure and mechanical behavior of martensitic steel severely deformed by the novel technique of repetitive corrugation and straightening by rolling. Materials Science and Engineering. A. 551: 32-39.

 

[16] El-Tahawy, M., Pereira, P.H.R., Huang, Y., Park, H., Choe, H., Langdon, T.G. and Gubicza, J. 2018. Exceptionally high strength and good ductility in an ultrafine-grained 316L steel processed by severe plastic deformation and subsequent annealing. Materials Letters. 214: 240-242.

[17] Heidari, S., Bakhshan, Y., Khorshidi Mal Ahmadi, J. and Afsari, A. 2019. Investigating the Behavior of Aluminum 7075 under the Process of CGP as the Fin of Space Structures. Modares Mechanical Engineering. 19(5): 1187-1197.

[18] Sudhakar, K.V. 2005. Metallurgical investigation of a failure in 316L stainless steel orthopaedic implant. Engineering Failure Analysis. 12(2): 249-256.

[19] Liu, G., Li, J., Zhang, S., Wang, J. and Meng, Q. 2016. Dilatometric study on the recrystallization and austenization behavior of cold-rolled steel with different heating rates. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 666: 309-316.

[20] Steel, S., ASTM A 167 or ASTM A 240/A 240M. Type [304][316][304 or Type 316]. 2011. Atlas Steels Technical Department. Stainless Steel Grade Datasheets: 1-57.

[21] Pandey, S.C., Joseph, M.A., Pradeep, M.S., Raghavendra, K., Ranganath, V.R., Venkateswarlu, K. and Langdon, T.G. 2012. A theoretical and experimental evaluation of repetitive corrugation and straightening Application to Al–Cu and Al–Cu–Sc alloys. Materials Science and Engineering. A. 534 :282-287.

[22] Tahavvor, A.R., Heidari, S. and Zarrinchang, P. 2016. Modeling of the height control system using artificial neural networks. Journal of Agricultural Machinery. 6(2): 350-361.

[23] Yanushkevich, Z., Dobatkin, S.V., Belyakov, A. and Kaibyshev, R. 2017. Hall-Petch relationship for austenitic stainless steels processed by large strain warm rolling. Acta Materialia. 136: 39-48.

[24] Wang, Y., Yue, W., She, D., Fu, Z., Huang, H. and Liu, J. 2014. Effects of surface nanocrystallization on tribological properties of 316L stainless steel under MoDTC/ZDDP lubrications. Tribology International. 79: 42-51.

[25] Schomer, J.J. and Dapino, M.J. 2017. High temperature characterization of fiber bragg grating sensors embedded into metallic structures through ultrasonic additive manufacturing In Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers. 58264: V002-5A003.

[26] Magno, I.A.B., Souza, F.V.A.D., Barros, A.D.S., Costa, M.O., Nascimento, J.M., Costa, T. and Rocha, O. 2017. Effect of the T6 heat treatment on microhardness of a directionally solidified aluminum-based 319 alloy. Materials Research. 20: 662-666.

[27] Tahavvor, Ali Reza, Pouya Zarrinchang, Iranagh Soroush Abadi, and Shahin Heidari.2017. Numerical simulation of realistic human lumbar spine model under compressive force, axial rotation and lateral bending loads. Modares Mechanical Engineering .16 (11): 54-60.

[28] Goodwin, R.C., Gaynor, T., Mahar, A., Oka, R. and Lalonde, F.D. 2005. Intramedullary flexible nail fixation of unstable pediatric tibial diaphyseal fractures. Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics. 25(5): 570-576.

[29] Ligier, J.N., Metaizeau, J.P., Prevot, J. and Lascombes, P. 1985. Elastic stable intramedullary pinning of long bone shaft fractures in children. Zeitschrift für Kinderchirurgie. 40(04): 209-212.

[30] Anderson, R.T., Pacaccio, D.J., Yakacki, C.M. and Carpenter, R.D. 2016. Finite element analysis of a pseudoelastic compression-generating intramedullary ankle arthrodesis nail. Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials. 62: 83-92.