بررسی دیدگاه زنان کارآفرین ایرانی به فشارهای نهادی
محورهای موضوعی : فصلنامه زن و جامعهعلی تیزرو 1 , وحید مکی زاده 2 , محمد رضا فتحی 3 , فرزانه سقائی 4
1 - استادیار گروه مدیریت صنعتی، دانشکده مدیریت و حسابداری، دانشگاه هرمزگان، بندرعباس، ایران
2 - استادیار گروه مدیریت بازرگانی، دانشکده مدیریت و حسابداری، دانشگاه هرمزگان، بندرعباس، ایران
3 - استادیار گروه مدیریت صنعتی و مالی، دانشکده مدیریت و حسابداری، پردیس فارابی دانشگاه تهران، قم، ایران
4 - کارشناسی ارشد مدیریت اجرایی، دانشکده مدیریت و حسابداری، دانشگاه هرمزگان، بندرعباس، ایران
کلید واژه: کارآفرینی, دیدگاه, زنان کارآفرین ایرانی, فشارهای نهادی,
چکیده مقاله :
در اقتصاد رقابتی و مبتنی بر بازار دنیای کنونی که با تغییرات سریع و شتابان بین‌المللی همراه است، از کارآفرینی به منزله موتور توسعه اقتصادی یاد می‌شود. به علت تاثیرات مثبت کارآفرینی، بسیاری از کشورهای درحال توسعه از جمله ایران، کارآفرینی را به عنوان راه حل اساسی برای ضعف رشد اقتصادی، افزایش نرخ بیکاری و ناتوانی بخش خصوصی و دولتی در فراهم آوردن شغل مناسب برای فارغ‌التحصیلان دانشگاهی، برگزیده‌اند. هدف اصلی این پژوهش شناسایی فشارهای نهادی وارد شده بر زنان کارآفرین ایرانی و دیدگاه آن‌ها به این فشارها و همچنین زمینه این پاسخ‌هاست. این پژوهش از نظر نتیجه، بنیادین و ازنظر هدف اکتشافی است. جامعه مورد پژوهش را کارآفرینان زن تقدیر شده در جشنواره‌های زنان کارآفرین استانی و کشوری در سه استان گلستان، مازندران و هرمزگان تشکیل می‌دهند و شرکت‌کنندگان در پژوهش به روش گلوله برفی انتخاب‌شده‌اند. پس از جمع‌آوری داده‌ها از طریق مصاحبه‌های عمیق نیمه ساختار یافته، تجزیه و تحلیل داده‌ها با رویکرد جهت‌دار و به روش کدگذاری سه مرحله‌ای انجام شد. براساس نتایج بدست آمده، فشارهای اختصاصی بر زنان کارآفرین در بعد تنظیمی شامل فشار از سوی مسئولین، در بعد هنجاری شامل فشار از سوی مردان جامعه و فشار از سوی خانواده و در بعد تشخیصی شامل وظایف زن، خودکم‌بینی و نادیده گرفتن خود می‌شود. آنان همچنین در پاسخ فشارهای تنظیمی استراتژی‌های مصالحه، اجتناب و مبارزه، در پاسخ به فشارهای هنجاری از استراتژی‌های مصالحه، اجتناب، مبارزه و دستکاری کردن و در پاسخ به فشارهای تشخیصی استراتژی تساهل را استفاده می‌کنند.
In today's competitive and market-based economy, driven by rapid and accelerating international change, entrepreneurship is referred to as the engine of economic development. Due to the positive effects of entrepreneurship, many developing countries including Iran have chosen entrepreneurship as a key solution to weak economic growth, rising unemployment rates and the inability of the public and private sector to provide suitable jobs for college graduates. The main purpose of this study is to identify the institutional pressures imposed on Iranian women entrepreneurs and their viewpoints on these pressures as well as the context of these responses. The research is fundamental in terms of outcome and exploratory in terms of purpose. The study population consisted of female entrepreneurs honored at provincial and national women's festivals in three provinces of Golestan, Mazandaran and Hormozgan and participants were selected through snowball method. After collecting data through in-depth semi-structured interviews, data analysis was conducted using a three-step coding approach. According to the results, specific pressures on women entrepreneurs in the regulatory dimension include pressure from the authorities, in the normative dimension include pressure from the men of society and pressure from the family and in the diagnostic dimension include the duties of women, self-esteem and self-neglect. They also use the strategy of reconciliation, avoidance, struggle and manipulation in response to the regulatory pressures of reconciliation, avoidance and countering strategies and in response to the diagnostic pressures.
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