تحلیل دگرگونی های خانوادگی بر پایه برساخت‌های کنشی زنان و مردان از این دگرگونی ها در فرآیند گذار زندگی مشترکشان
شهناز بختیاری
1
(گروه جامعه شناسی، واحد تهران مرکزی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران)
حسین ابواحسن تنهایی
2
(گروه جامعه‌شناسی، دانشگاه تهران، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی، تهران، ایران (نویسنده مسئول) mousai@ut.ac.ir)
محمدمهدی لبیبی
3
(گروه جامعه شناسی، واحد تهران مرکزی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران)
میثم موسایی
4
(گروه جامعه شناسی، واحد تهران مرکزی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران)
کلید واژه: نظریه زمینه‌ای, دگرگونی خانوادگی, زندگی مشترک زن و مرد,
چکیده مقاله :
این جستار، مطالعه ای توصیفی-تحلیلی بود که با هدف دست یابی به فهم برساخته های کنشی زندگی مشترک زنان و مردان از دگرگونی های خانوادگی در فرآیند گذار زندگی مشترک شان انجام گرفت. پژوهش به روش کیفی و با کمک راهبرد نظریه زمینه ای اجرا شد. بر مبنای این روش پژوهشگر با مراجعه مستقیم به مشارکت کنندگان، اطلاعات مورد نیاز را گردآوری و طی فرایند کد گذاری مورد تحلیل قرار داد. جامعه آماری، تمامی کارمندان متاهل دانشگاه های آزاد شهر تهران انتخاب شد. نمونه های مورد نیاز به کمک نمونه گیری هدفمند و در دسترس انتخاب گردید. که در نهایت طبق منطق اشباع نظری، نمونه نهایی 17 نفر تعیین شد. ابزار گردآوری اطلاعات مصاحبه کیفی با پرسش های باز و نیمه ساخت یافته بود برای تحلیل داده‌ها از منطق گذاری باز، محوری و انتخابی استراس و کوربین استفاده شد. تحلیل داده ها نشان داد که زوجین علل دگرگونی های خانوادگی در فرایند گذار زندگی مشترک شان را جابجایی ارزش های زوجین و خانواده و تکانه های مثبت و منفی برون فردی عنوان کردند که در شرایط پیش بینی ناپذیری و موقعیت های متغیر اتفاق می افتد؛ هرچند مداخله گرهایی چون، کیفیت حریم درون خانوادگی مزید بر علت می شد. زوجین در مواجهه با این تکانه ها از استراتژی های مختلفی چون درک موقعیت معطوف به آینده، مشارکت تعامل گرایانه و مدیریت زمان فرزند محور استفاده می کردند.
چکیده انگلیسی :
This Research was a descriptive and analytical study that was conducted with the aim of understanding the active constructions of the joint life of men and women from family transformations in the transition process of their joint life. The implementation method was qualitative and implemented with the help of grounded theory strategy. Based on this method, the researcher collected the required information by referring directly to the participants and analyzed it during the coding process. The statistical population was selected from all the married employees of the free universities of Tehran. The required samples were selected with the help of targeted and accessible sampling. Finally, according to the logic of theoretical saturation, the final sample was determined to be 17 people. The data collection tool was a qualitative interview with open and semi-structured questions. Strauss and Corbin's open, central and selective reasoning was used for data analysis. The analysis of the data showed that the causes of family transformations in the transition process of their joint lives were stated by the couples to be the displacement of the values of the couple and the family and positive and negative external impulses that in the unpredictability and situation- variables occur; However, intervenors such as the quality of privacy within the family were added to the cause. In facing these impulses, couples used different strategies such as future-oriented understanding of the situation, interactive participation, and child-oriented time management.
Adib-Haj Bagheri, Mohsen, Parvizi, Sarwar and Salsali, Mahosh (2010). Qualitative research methods. Second edition: Tehran, Beshri publishing center. [in persian]
Ali Mohammadi, F and Aghajani, A (2021). Predicting the quality of married life based on the commitment and empathy of couples in married students of Islamic Azad University, Qom branch. Cognitive Psychology and Psychiatry Quarterly, 8(4), 135-145 [in persian].
Amatudi, P. R., & Buer, D. D. (2001). The transmission of marital instability across generations: Relationship skills or commitment to marriage? Journal of Marriage & Family, 63(1), 1038-1051.
Babbie, E. (2007). The practice of social research, 11th ed.
Baby, Earl (2013). Research methods in social sciences. Translated by Fazel, Reza, 9th edition: Tehran, Samit Publications. [in persian]
Bakhtiari, Shahnaz, Tanhaii, Abolhassan, Labibi, Mohammad Mahdi and Mousai, Maitham (2021). Analysis of family transformations in the transition process of joint life of men and women with the help of data-based theory. Family Research, 17th year, No. 66, 145-166. [in persian]
Bakker, A. B., and Demerouti, E. (2013). “The spillover-crossover model,” in New Frontiers in Work and Family Research, eds J. Grzywacs and E. Demerouti (Hove Sussex: Psychology Press), 54–70.
Baxter, J., Hewitt, B. and Western, M. (2009) Who Uses Paid Domestic Labor in Australia? Choice and Constraint in Hiring Household Help. Feminist Economics, 15(1):1-26.
Baxter, J., Hewitt, B. and Western, M. (2009) Who Uses Paid Domestic Labor in Australia? Choice and Constraint in Hiring Household Help. Feminist Economics, 15(1):1-26.
Berkos KM, Denham J. (2017). Intimacy, Marital Satisfaction, and Third Party Imagined Interactions.Imagination, Cognition and Personality,36(3), 312–330.
Biehle, S. N and Mickelson, K. D. (2012). First-time parents’ expectations about the division of childcare and play. J. Fam. Psychol. 26, 36–45. doi: 10.1037/a0026608.
Brewster, Karin L. and Ronald R. Rindfuss.(2000). “Fertility and women’s employment in industrialized nations,” Annual Review of Sociology 26: 271–96.
Diekman, A. B., Clark, E. K., Johnston, A. M., Brown, E. R., and Steinberg, M. (2011). Malleability in communal goals and beliefs influences attraction to stem careers: evidence for a goal congruity perspective. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 101, 902–918.doi: 10.1037/a0025199.
Eagly, A. H., and Karau, S. J. (2002). Role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders. Psychol. Rev. 109, 573–598. doi: 10.1037/0033 295X.109.3.573
Eagly, A. H., Wood, W., and Diekman, A. (2000). “Social role theory of sex differences and similarities: a current appraisal,” in The Developmental Social Psychology of Gender, eds T. Eckes and H. M. Trautner (New York, NY: Psychology Press), 123–174.
England, P. (2010). The gender revolution. Uneven and Stalled Gender & Society, 24(2), 149–166.
England, P. (2011). Missing the big picture and making much ado about almost nothing: recent scholarship on gender and household work. J. Fam. Theory Rev. 3, 23–26. doi: 10.1111/j.1756-2589.2010.00077.
Espenshade, Thomas J. (1985). “Marriage trends in America: Estimates, implications, and underlying causes,” Population and Development Review 11: 193–245.
Fahlen, S. (2015). jender equality within dual-earner and dual-career couples across different policy regimes and norm systems in Europe. A project funded by European Union's Seventh Framework Programme under grant agreement no. 320116, familes and societies,48.
Flick, Ov (2008). An introduction to qualitative research. Translated by Jalili, Hadi, 2nd edition: Tehran, Ni publication. [in persian]
Flick, U. (2006). An introduction to qualitative research, translate Jalili. Hadi. Ney.
Goldscheider. F, Bernhardt.E, lappeGård. T. (2015). The Gender Revolution: A Framework for Understanding Changing Family and Demographic Behavior. POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT REVIEW 41(2): 207–239
Hakanen, J. J., Peeters, M. C., and Perhoniemi, R. (2011). Enrichment processes and gain spirals at work and at home: A 3-year cross-lagged panel study. J. Occup. Organ. Psychol. 84, 8–30. doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8325.2010.02014.
Hariri, N. (2006). Principles and methods of qualitative research. Tehran, Islamic azad university science & research camus.
Hariri, Najala (2015). Principles and methods of qualitative research. First edition: Tehran, Islamic Azad University, Department of Research Sciences [in persian].
Hochschild, A., and Machung, A. (2012). The Second Shift: Working Families and the Revolution at Home. New York, NY: Penguin Books.
Hodges, A. J., and Park, B. (2013). Oppositional identities: dissimilarities in how women and men experience parent versus professional roles. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 105, 193–216. doi: 10.1037/a0032681
Jafari Bai, M., Rahmani Firouzjah, A., Forotan, Y. and Pahlavan, M. (2021). Study of the evolution of the Iranian family from the perspective of demographic indicators (1976-2016), Population Quarterly / 26th year, No. 109, 121-153. [in persian]
Jalai, Aida, Yousefzadeh, Payman and Bahrami, Bita. (2022).The effectiveness of Perma Seligman's training on the mental well-being, quality and life orientation of a single parent mother. Women and Family Studies, 15(57), 31-7. [in persian]
Junadele, A. and Rahnama, M. (2014). Transformation in the conventional model of the Iranian family (secondary analysis of national data). Family Research Quarterly, Year 10, Number 39, 296-277 [in persian].
Karakhani, M. (2014).Indicators of family status measurement, a basis for social policy making, Sociological Studies, 22, No. 2, 125-149. [in persian]
Karimi Vardanjani, M. (2019) Investigating healthy and unhealthy family interaction patterns (repulsions and attractions) from the point of view of Islamic teachings in comparison with the approaches of psychological science. New Approach Quarterly in Educational Sciences, 2(2), 91-76. [in persian]
Lawrence E, Barry RA, Brock RL, Bunde M, Langer A, Ro E, et al. (2011). The Relationship Quality Interview: Evidence of reliability, convergent and divergent validity, and incremental utility. Psychol Assess; 23(1): 44-63.
Lesthaeghe. R, The second demographic transition,1986–2020: sub-replacement fertility and risingcohabitation a global update. Genus 76, 10 https://doi.org/10.1186/s41118-020-00077-4.
Meeussen L, Veldman J and Van Laar C (2016) Combining Gender, Work, and Family Identities: The Cross-Over and Spill-Over of Gender Norms into Young Adults’ Work and Family Aspirations. Front. Psychol. 7:1781.
Molz, J. G. (2015). Making a Difference Together: Discourses of Transformation in Family Voluntourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 24(3): 805-823.
Mozafari, Alireza and Berimani; Abu al-Qasim (2022). The relationship between family functioning and quality of life at school with the mediating role of academic self-efficacy in students. Sociological research. 16 (3), 107-129. [in persian]
olah, l, kotowska, I & richter, R. (2018). The New Roles of Men and Women and Implications for Families and Societies. A Demographic Perspective on Gender, Family and Health in Europe pp 41–64. https://link.springer.com.
Qi, X. (2016). "Family bond and family obligation: Continuity and transformation", Journal of Sociology, 52(1), pp. 39-52.
Ritzer, J. (2005). Sociological theories in the contemporary era. Translated by Mohsen, Talasi: Tehran, Ney Publishing.
Strauss, Anselm and Corbin, Juliet (2011). Principles and methods of qualitative research: basic theory - procedures and methods. Third edition: Tehran, Research Institute of Human Sciences and Cultural Studies. [in persian]
Strauss. A, Corbin. J. (2010). Basics of Qualitative Research. Translate Mohammadi. B, institute or Humanities and cultural studies.
Tolorunleke, C. A. (2014). Causes of marital conflicts amongst couples in nigeria: implication for counseling psychologists. Procedia -Social and Behavioral Science, 140, 21-26.
Van Steenbergen, E. F., and Ellemers, N. (2009). Is managing the work–family interface worthwhile? Benefits for employee health and performance. J. Organ. Behav. 30, 617–642. doi: 10.1002/job.569.
Van Steenbergen, E. F., Ellemers, N., and Mooijaart, A. (2007). How work and family can facilitate each other: distinct types of work-family facilitation and outcomes for women and men. J. Occup. Health Psychol. 12, 279–300. doi: 10.1037/1076-8998.12.3.279.
Wood, W and Eagly, A. H. (2009). Gender identity,” in Handbook of Individual Differences in Social Behavior, eds M. R. Leary and R. H. Hoyle (New York, NY: Guilford Press), 109 –125.
Zahiri Nia Mostafi, Valipour Zahra, Sarafraz Parnian. (2022). Investigating social health and factors affecting it among the employees of the executive bodies of Bandar Abbas city. Social-cultural development studies. 10 (4):202-222. [in persian]
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Adib-Haj Bagheri, Mohsen, Parvizi, Sarwar and Salsali, Mahosh (2010). Qualitative research methods. Second edition: Tehran, Beshri publishing center. [in persian]
Ali Mohammadi, F and Aghajani, A (2021). Predicting the quality of married life based on the commitment and empathy of couples in married students of Islamic Azad University, Qom branch. Cognitive Psychology and Psychiatry Quarterly, 8(4), 135-145 [in persian].
Amatudi, P. R., & Buer, D. D. (2001). The transmission of marital instability across generations: Relationship skills or commitment to marriage? Journal of Marriage & Family, 63(1), 1038-1051.
Babbie, E. (2007). The practice of social research, 11th ed.
Baby, Earl (2013). Research methods in social sciences. Translated by Fazel, Reza, 9th edition: Tehran, Samit Publications. [in persian]
Bakhtiari, Shahnaz, Tanhaii, Abolhassan, Labibi, Mohammad Mahdi and Mousai, Maitham (2021). Analysis of family transformations in the transition process of joint life of men and women with the help of data-based theory. Family Research, 17th year, No. 66, 145-166. [in persian]
Bakker, A. B., and Demerouti, E. (2013). “The spillover-crossover model,” in New Frontiers in Work and Family Research, eds J. Grzywacs and E. Demerouti (Hove Sussex: Psychology Press), 54–70.
Baxter, J., Hewitt, B. and Western, M. (2009) Who Uses Paid Domestic Labor in Australia? Choice and Constraint in Hiring Household Help. Feminist Economics, 15(1):1-26.
Baxter, J., Hewitt, B. and Western, M. (2009) Who Uses Paid Domestic Labor in Australia? Choice and Constraint in Hiring Household Help. Feminist Economics, 15(1):1-26.
Berkos KM, Denham J. (2017). Intimacy, Marital Satisfaction, and Third Party Imagined Interactions.Imagination, Cognition and Personality,36(3), 312–330.
Biehle, S. N and Mickelson, K. D. (2012). First-time parents’ expectations about the division of childcare and play. J. Fam. Psychol. 26, 36–45. doi: 10.1037/a0026608.
Brewster, Karin L. and Ronald R. Rindfuss.(2000). “Fertility and women’s employment in industrialized nations,” Annual Review of Sociology 26: 271–96.
Diekman, A. B., Clark, E. K., Johnston, A. M., Brown, E. R., and Steinberg, M. (2011). Malleability in communal goals and beliefs influences attraction to stem careers: evidence for a goal congruity perspective. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 101, 902–918.doi: 10.1037/a0025199.
Eagly, A. H., and Karau, S. J. (2002). Role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders. Psychol. Rev. 109, 573–598. doi: 10.1037/0033 295X.109.3.573
Eagly, A. H., Wood, W., and Diekman, A. (2000). “Social role theory of sex differences and similarities: a current appraisal,” in The Developmental Social Psychology of Gender, eds T. Eckes and H. M. Trautner (New York, NY: Psychology Press), 123–174.
England, P. (2010). The gender revolution. Uneven and Stalled Gender & Society, 24(2), 149–166.
England, P. (2011). Missing the big picture and making much ado about almost nothing: recent scholarship on gender and household work. J. Fam. Theory Rev. 3, 23–26. doi: 10.1111/j.1756-2589.2010.00077.
Espenshade, Thomas J. (1985). “Marriage trends in America: Estimates, implications, and underlying causes,” Population and Development Review 11: 193–245.
Fahlen, S. (2015). jender equality within dual-earner and dual-career couples across different policy regimes and norm systems in Europe. A project funded by European Union's Seventh Framework Programme under grant agreement no. 320116, familes and societies,48.
Flick, Ov (2008). An introduction to qualitative research. Translated by Jalili, Hadi, 2nd edition: Tehran, Ni publication. [in persian]
Flick, U. (2006). An introduction to qualitative research, translate Jalili. Hadi. Ney.
Goldscheider. F, Bernhardt.E, lappeGård. T. (2015). The Gender Revolution: A Framework for Understanding Changing Family and Demographic Behavior. POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT REVIEW 41(2): 207–239
Hakanen, J. J., Peeters, M. C., and Perhoniemi, R. (2011). Enrichment processes and gain spirals at work and at home: A 3-year cross-lagged panel study. J. Occup. Organ. Psychol. 84, 8–30. doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8325.2010.02014.
Hariri, N. (2006). Principles and methods of qualitative research. Tehran, Islamic azad university science & research camus.
Hariri, Najala (2015). Principles and methods of qualitative research. First edition: Tehran, Islamic Azad University, Department of Research Sciences [in persian].
Hochschild, A., and Machung, A. (2012). The Second Shift: Working Families and the Revolution at Home. New York, NY: Penguin Books.
Hodges, A. J., and Park, B. (2013). Oppositional identities: dissimilarities in how women and men experience parent versus professional roles. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 105, 193–216. doi: 10.1037/a0032681
Jafari Bai, M., Rahmani Firouzjah, A., Forotan, Y. and Pahlavan, M. (2021). Study of the evolution of the Iranian family from the perspective of demographic indicators (1976-2016), Population Quarterly / 26th year, No. 109, 121-153. [in persian]
Jalai, Aida, Yousefzadeh, Payman and Bahrami, Bita. (2022).The effectiveness of Perma Seligman's training on the mental well-being, quality and life orientation of a single parent mother. Women and Family Studies, 15(57), 31-7. [in persian]
Junadele, A. and Rahnama, M. (2014). Transformation in the conventional model of the Iranian family (secondary analysis of national data). Family Research Quarterly, Year 10, Number 39, 296-277 [in persian].
Karakhani, M. (2014).Indicators of family status measurement, a basis for social policy making, Sociological Studies, 22, No. 2, 125-149. [in persian]
Karimi Vardanjani, M. (2019) Investigating healthy and unhealthy family interaction patterns (repulsions and attractions) from the point of view of Islamic teachings in comparison with the approaches of psychological science. New Approach Quarterly in Educational Sciences, 2(2), 91-76. [in persian]
Lawrence E, Barry RA, Brock RL, Bunde M, Langer A, Ro E, et al. (2011). The Relationship Quality Interview: Evidence of reliability, convergent and divergent validity, and incremental utility. Psychol Assess; 23(1): 44-63.
Lesthaeghe. R, The second demographic transition,1986–2020: sub-replacement fertility and risingcohabitation a global update. Genus 76, 10 https://doi.org/10.1186/s41118-020-00077-4.
Meeussen L, Veldman J and Van Laar C (2016) Combining Gender, Work, and Family Identities: The Cross-Over and Spill-Over of Gender Norms into Young Adults’ Work and Family Aspirations. Front. Psychol. 7:1781.
Molz, J. G. (2015). Making a Difference Together: Discourses of Transformation in Family Voluntourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 24(3): 805-823.
Mozafari, Alireza and Berimani; Abu al-Qasim (2022). The relationship between family functioning and quality of life at school with the mediating role of academic self-efficacy in students. Sociological research. 16 (3), 107-129. [in persian]
olah, l, kotowska, I & richter, R. (2018). The New Roles of Men and Women and Implications for Families and Societies. A Demographic Perspective on Gender, Family and Health in Europe pp 41–64. https://link.springer.com.
Qi, X. (2016). "Family bond and family obligation: Continuity and transformation", Journal of Sociology, 52(1), pp. 39-52.
Ritzer, J. (2005). Sociological theories in the contemporary era. Translated by Mohsen, Talasi: Tehran, Ney Publishing.
Strauss, Anselm and Corbin, Juliet (2011). Principles and methods of qualitative research: basic theory - procedures and methods. Third edition: Tehran, Research Institute of Human Sciences and Cultural Studies. [in persian]
Strauss. A, Corbin. J. (2010). Basics of Qualitative Research. Translate Mohammadi. B, institute or Humanities and cultural studies.
Tolorunleke, C. A. (2014). Causes of marital conflicts amongst couples in nigeria: implication for counseling psychologists. Procedia -Social and Behavioral Science, 140, 21-26.
Van Steenbergen, E. F., and Ellemers, N. (2009). Is managing the work–family interface worthwhile? Benefits for employee health and performance. J. Organ. Behav. 30, 617–642. doi: 10.1002/job.569.
Van Steenbergen, E. F., Ellemers, N., and Mooijaart, A. (2007). How work and family can facilitate each other: distinct types of work-family facilitation and outcomes for women and men. J. Occup. Health Psychol. 12, 279–300. doi: 10.1037/1076-8998.12.3.279.
Wood, W and Eagly, A. H. (2009). Gender identity,” in Handbook of Individual Differences in Social Behavior, eds M. R. Leary and R. H. Hoyle (New York, NY: Guilford Press), 109 –125.
Zahiri Nia Mostafi, Valipour Zahra, Sarafraz Parnian. (2022). Investigating social health and factors affecting it among the employees of the executive bodies of Bandar Abbas city. Social-cultural development studies. 10 (4):202-222. [in persian]