واکاوی نگرش جوامع محلی به توسعه گردشگری در محیط های شهری (مطالعه موردی: شهر خلخال)
محورهای موضوعی : برنامه ریزی شهری
محمد علیزاده
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فرهاد جوان
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1 - استادیار، گروه ایران‌شناسی، دانشکده ایران‌شناسی، دانشگاه ولی‌عصر رفسنجان، رفسنجان، ایران
2 - استادیار گروه مدیریت جهانگردی، دانشکدۀ میراث فرهنگی، صنایع‌دستی و گردشگری، دانشگاه مازندران، بابلسر، ایران
کلید واژه: گردشگری, توسعه, جوامع محلی, محیط های شهری, خلخال.,
چکیده مقاله :
در سال‌های اخیر تحقیقات مختلفی در مورد ادراک ساکنان از توسعه گردشگری انجام شده است و ادراکات مثبت و منفی ساکنان به توسعه گردشگری را مورد توجه قرار داده‌اند. هدف این پژوهش بررسی نگرش جامعه محلی شهر خلخال به توسعه گردشگری است. ابزار گردآوری داده‌ها در این پژوهش، پرسش‌نامه بوده و جهت تحلیل داده‌ها از نرم‌افزار PLS استفاده شده است. نتایج نشان می‌دهد که اثرات اقتصادی منفی ادراک‌شده تاثیر چندانی بر رضایت درونی جامعه محلی ندارد. در تبیین این موضوع باید گفت درست است که در اثر گردشگری، قیمت املاک و زمین‌های منطقه بسیار بالا رفته اما این موضوع نتوانسته است عشق به وطن را در ساکنان محلی کاهش دهد. هم‌چنین وفاداری ساکنان بر رضایت درونی جامعه محلی مورد تایید قرار گرفت. این نتیجه کاملاً منطقی و عقلانی است چرا که مردم وطن خود را بیش از سایر مکان ها دوست دارند و علیرغم اثرات منفی گردشگری حاضر هستند همچنان در آن زندگی کنند. یکی از نتایج مهم این پژوهش این است که نگرش جامعه محلی نسبت به توسعه گردشگری تحت تأثیر عوامل بی‌شماری از جمله ملاحظات اقتصادی، هویت فرهنگی، پایداری محیطی، شیوه‌های ارتباطی، بافت تاریخی و انسجام اجتماعی است. لذا شناخت و توجه به این عوامل جهت داشتن گردشگری پایدار و موفق ضروری و حیاتی است.
In recent years, various researches have been conducted on residents' perception of tourism development and Residents' positive and negative perceptions of tourism development have been taken into consideration. The purpose of this research is to investigate the attitude of the local community of Khalkhal city towards the development of tourism. The data collection tool in this research is a questionnaire and PLS software was used to analyze the data. The results show that the perceived negative economic effects have little effect on the internal satisfaction of the local community. In explaining this issue, it should be said that it is true that due to tourism, the prices of real estate and land in the region have increased greatly, but this issue has not been able to reduce the love of the homeland among the local residents. Also, the loyalty of the residents was confirmed on the inner satisfaction of the local community. This result is completely logical and rational because people love their homeland more than other places and are willing to continue living in it despite the negative effects of tourism. One of the important results of this research is that the local community's attitude towards tourism development is influenced by countless factors, including economic considerations, cultural identity, environmental sustainability, communication methods, historical context and social cohesion. Therefore, knowing and paying attention to these factors is essential and vital for sustainable and successful tourism.
Extended Abstract
Introduction
The attitude of local residents in understanding the dynamics of tourism development and its impact on the local community is highly important. Recent years have seen various studies focusing on residents' perceptions of tourism development, considering both positive and negative aspects. Some researchers have examined the negative perceptions of local residents towards tourism development, analyzing how these perceptions may lead to a lack of loyalty to tourism development, ultimately impacting the sustainability of the tourism industry. Conversely, some studies highlight the role of negative events in shaping positive attitudes among local residents. Khalkhal, a city in Ardabil Province, has recently attracted a significant number of tourists, especially during specific holidays, due to its pleasant climate. The influx of tourists has created challenges for the city's infrastructure, particularly during the peak tourism seasons (spring and summer), leading to various problems for local residents. This research aims to explore the local community's perceptions of tourism development in Khalkhal.
Methodology
This descriptive-analytical and applied research follows a positivist philosophy and employs a survey strategy with a quantitative approach. The data analysis tool used is the Smart-PLS structural equation modeling software. The statistical population includes all residents of Khalkhal, with a total population of around 40,000. According to Cochran's formula, 380 questionnaires were completed both electronically and in-person. The research questionnaire includes various items addressing perceived negative social and cultural impacts (3 questions), perceived negative economic impacts (3 questions), perceived negative environmental impacts (3 questions), intrinsic satisfaction of the local community (1 question), and residents' loyalty (2 questions).
Results and discussion
The results show that the perceived negative social and cultural impacts of tourism significantly influence the perceived negative economic impacts, highlighting the importance of cultural issues in the city. Additionally, the perceived negative social and cultural impacts of tourism were found to significantly influence the perceived negative environmental impacts. However, the perceived negative economic impacts do not significantly affect the intrinsic satisfaction of the local community. This indicates that the local community values the environment and nature as a valuable asset and is concerned about its preservation. The perceived negative environmental impacts do not significantly affect the intrinsic satisfaction of the local community, suggesting that intrinsic satisfaction stems from within the community rather than external factors. Residents' loyalty significantly influences the intrinsic satisfaction of the local community. The path coefficients and significance of each hypothesis are detailed in Table 5. According to the research findings, the coefficient of determination (R2) for perceived negative economic impacts is 0.453, for perceived negative environmental impacts is 0.424, and for intrinsic satisfaction of the local community is 0.306, indicating moderate predictive power for the research model. This research emphasizes the multifaceted nature of these attitudes, asserting that they cannot be solely analyzed through binary frameworks; instead, economic, social, cultural, and environmental considerations shape these explanations. Therefore, the present research highlights the necessity of understanding local residents' perceptions of tourists for proper and targeted tourism planning, as the success of tourism projects depends on them.
Conclusion
The local community's attitude towards tourism development is significantly influenced by the perceived economic benefits of the tourism industry. Many residents of Khalkhal believe that the tourism industry has the potential to create jobs, increase income, and improve infrastructure. Additionally, the social and cultural dimensions of tourism development cannot be overlooked. The local community's attitude is deeply intertwined with their cultural identity and social fabric. Many local residents take pride in their cultural heritage and tourism assets, eager to share them with visitors. Environmental considerations also play a crucial role in shaping the community's attitude towards tourism development. As tourism often has significant environmental impacts, including increased traffic, pollution, and resource depletion, residents are particularly concerned about the sustainability of their local environment. This underscores the importance of integrating environmental sustainability into tourism planning. Moreover, the role of communication and information dissemination emerges as a significant factor influencing community attitudes. Many local residents express a desire for more information about tourism development projects, including their potential impacts and benefits. However, in Khalkhal, local residents are often not informed about the details of tourism plans, leading to misunderstandings and skepticism about these projects. Ultimately, ongoing education and capacity-building initiatives should be implemented to empower local communities to actively participate in tourism development. By providing education, stakeholders can equip community members with the skills and knowledge necessary to engage in tourism-related activities and advocate for their interests. Such initiatives can foster a sense of ownership and pride in tourism development, ultimately leading to more positive attitudes and outcomes for both the community and the tourism industry.
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