خوانش معماری فنلاند درگذر از سنّت و مدرنیسم
محورهای موضوعی : تاریخ معماری
محمد محمدزاده دوگاهه
1
(
گروه معماری، واحد رودبار، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، رودبار، ایران.
)
کلید واژه: "معماری بومی", سنّت و مدرنیسم", "فرهنگ و معماری", "رمانتیسیسم ملی", "معماری فنلاند",
چکیده مقاله :
بررسی معماری فنلاند از دوره اولیه تا معاصر موضوع این تحقیق می باشد، اهمیت این موضوع به این سبب است که چگونگی ایجاد پیوند با معماری گذشته فنلاند که دارای سابقه کهن از معماری سنتی می‌باشد، همواره به عنوان یکی از چالش‌های معماری معاصر آن مطرح بوده است و هدف از این پژوهش شناخت چگونگی تاثیر مولفه‌هایی مانند، مواد، مصالح بومی و جنبه‌های فرهنگی در شکل‌گیری دوره‌های تاریخی این منطقه است. پرسش اصلی تحقیق این است که نقش این عوامل در شکل‌گیری این دوره‌ها چگونه بوده است؟ از روش‌های تحقیق توصیفی – تحلیلی و تاریخی- تفسیری با نمونه‌گیری هدفمند از آثار معماران شاخص هر دوره و تجزیه و تحلیل آن‌ها استفاده شده است. گردآوری داده‌ها به صورت اسنادی و کتابخانه‌ای بوده است. متغیر مستقلِ پژوهش، طبیعت و مصالح بومی، جریان‌های فرهنگی، سنّت‌ها و جنبش‌های ملی گرایانه بوده و متغیر وابسته آن معماری فنلاند است. جامعه آماری و روش نمونه برداری، سهمیه‌ای است. نتایج تحقیق نشان می‌دهد که دوره‌های تاریخی معماری فنلاند تا قبل از استقلال تحت تاثیر معماری سوئد و روسیه و سبک‌های نئوکلاسیسیم، نئوگوتیک، التقاطی، ملّی و هنر نو و پس از استقلال، سبک نوردیک و جنبش‌های مدرنیسمی و در دوره بازسازی پس از جنگ جهانی دوم، سیاست‌های دولت بوده است. در دوره معماری معاصر نیز سه نوع جریان، تحت تاثیر آثار آلوار آلتو، پائولی بلومشتت و ریما پیه تیله شکل گرفت که در آن‌ها علاوه بر عوامل تاریخی و جغرافیایی، طبیعت پیرامونی و فرهنگ بومی نیز نقش بسیار مهمی در تداوم سنّت در آثار عصر حاضر داشته‌اند.
The study of Finnish architecture from the early to contemporary period is the subject of this research, the importance of this issue is that how to create a link with the past architecture of Finland, which has an ancient history of traditional architecture, has always been considered as one of the challenges of its contemporary architecture. And the purpose of this research is to know how factors such as materials, local materials and cultural aspects influence the formation of the historical periods of this region. The main question of the research is, what was the role of these factors in the formation of these courses? Descriptive-analytical and historical-interpretive research methods have been used with targeted sampling of the works of prominent architects of each period and their analysis. The data was collected in the form of documents and libraries. The independent variable of the research is nature and local materials, cultural currents, traditions and nationalist movements, and the dependent variable is Finnish architecture. The statistical population and sampling method is quota. The results of the research show that the historical periods of Finnish architecture before independence were influenced by Swedish and Russian architecture and neoclassicism, neogothic, eclectic, national and art nouveau styles, and after independence, Nordic style and modernist movements and in the reconstruction period after World War II has been the government's policies. In the period of contemporary architecture, three types of trends were formed under the influence of the works of Alvar Aalto, Pauli Blomstedt and Reima Pietilä, in which, in addition to historical and geographical factors, the surrounding nature and local culture also played a very important role in the continuation of tradition in the works of the present era.
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_||_
-. (1937). Finnish Pavilion at Paris Expo 1937. http://rarasartes.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/446_1.png [20 February 2020].
Alanen, A. R. (1983). An Interview with Heikki von Hertzen: The Man Behind the Garden City of Tapiola, Finland. Landscape Journal, 2(1), 40‑51.
Archinfo Finland. (2020). Erottaja Rescue Station. https://navi.finnisharchitecture.fi/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/AH_ErottajaPaloasema_04.jpg[20 February 2020].
Avala. (2008). Senate Square , Helsinki, Finland. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Senate_Square -_
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Bergenheim, S. (2020). From barracks to garden cities: The Finnish Population and Family Welfare League as a housing policy expert in the 1940s and 1950s. Science & technology studies.
Celette. (2018). Institut Finlandais. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Institut_finlandais%2C_60_rue_des_Écoles%2C_Paris_5e_1.jpg[20 February 2020].
Delso, D. (2012). Helsinki Central Station. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Estación_central_de_FF.CC._de_Helsinki%2C_Finlandia%2C_2012-08-14%2C_DD_03.JPG[20 February 2020].
Ferrer Forés, J. J. (2012). Tradition in Nordic architecture. Arquitectonics: Mind, Land & Society, (24), 63‑72.
Frampton, K. (2007). Modern Architecture - A Critical History (4th edition). Wyd. Thames and Hudson. Londyn–Nowy Jork.
Griffiths, G. (2004). Minimal information content in Finnish architecture. NORDIC JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTURAL RESEARCH, 17(4), 55‑63.
Hämäläinen, E. (2006). Taulumäki Church. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Taulumäki_Church_in_Jyväskylä_2361.jpg[20 February 2020].
Hautajärvi, H. (1994). « Suuntana Lappi », Sankaruus ja Arki - Suomen 50-luvun miljöö. Helsinki: Suomen rakennustaiteen museo.
Hertzen, H. V. (1971). BUILDING A NEW TOWN. FINLAND’S NEW GARDEN CITY: TAPIOLA. Cambridge: The MIT Press.
Hiekkanen, M. (2007). Suomen keskiajan kivikirkot. Dans Suomen historian kartasto (pp. 68‑69). Helsinki: Karttakeskus.
Jonik. (2004). Kallio church, Helsinki. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kallio_church,_Helsinki_2004-06.jpg [19 February 2020].
Jontts. (2009). Pavilion of Finland in Exposition Universelle (1900) in Paris. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Finnish_Pavilion_at_Paris_1900.jpg
Kasvi, J. (2006). Parliament building Finland. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Parliament_building_Finland.jpg [20 February 2020].
Liiti, A. (2010). Art Museum, Rovaniemi. https://www.discoveringfinland.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/Korundin_päätypressu_liput.jpg[19 February 2020].
Louekari, L. (2008). Architecture of the forest. Observations on the relationship between spatial structures in architecture and natural spaces. Nordic Journal of Architectural Research, 20(3).
Mahlum. (2007). National Museum, Finland. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Kansallismuseo_Helsinki.jpg [20 February 2020].
Makkonen, L. (2012). Modernismi Helsingissä. Helsinki: Helsingin kaupunkisuunnitteluvirasto.
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Petteri Kummala. (2019). « JÄLLEENRAKENNUSKAUSI » Arkkitehtuurimuseo. https://www.mfa.fi/kokoelmat/tietopaketit/jalleenrakennuskausi/[11 February 2020].
Quantrill, M. (2012). Finnish architecture and the modernist tradition. London: E & FN Spon.
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Süßen, M. (2014). Helsinki Olympic Stadium. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Helsinki_Olympic_Stadium-7147.jpg[11 February 2020].
Swerdlyk, M. (2010). turku city library.
http://michaelswerdlyk.com/z/MKIV3285.JPG [20
February 2020].
The Mill Museum website. (2020). Paper Mill Museum Verla, Finland.
https://www.verla.fi/!file/!id35/maxw=2200 [10 February 2020].
Uusheimo, T. (2017). Dipoli student building, Espoo.https://navi.finnisharchitecture.fi/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/1_Dipoli_-5.jpg [20 February 2020].
Wäre, R. (2010). Changing Interpretations of Art Nouveau Architecture in Finland in the First Years of the 20th Century, Art Nouveau & Ecology: International Symposium: Perception of Art Nouveau. Bruxelles: International symposium: Perception of Art Nouveau.
Wickberg, N. E. (1981). The Senate Square Helsinki. P127, RUNGSTED KYST NYBORG, RUNGSTED KYST: ANDERS NYBORG.
Wikipedia. (2007). kota. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saami_Family_1900.jpg[20 February 2020].
www. rarasartes.com
www. navi.finnisharchitecture.fi
www. wikimedia.org
www. discoveringfinland.com
www. pateniemiseura.wordpress.com
www. foursquare.com
www. www.mfa.fi
www. michaelswerdlyk.com
www. www.verla.fi
www. navi.finnisharchitecture.fi
www. www.artnouveau-net.eu
www. en.wikipedia.org