طراحی اقلیمی فرم، نسبت ابعادی و جهت استقرار ساختمان بر اساس تابش خورشید در شهر تهران
محورهای موضوعی : معماری و شهرسازی و سکونتگاههای انسانیحسن اکبری 1 , اسماعیل ابراهیمی 2
1 - استادیار معماری، دانشکده فنی و مهندسی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران
2 - استادیار جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی روستایی، گروه آموزشی جغرافیا، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد پارس‌آباد مغان، ایران
کلید واژه: شهر تهران, فرم, انرژی خورشیدی, قانون کسینوس, نسبت ابعادی و جهت بهینه ساختمان,
چکیده مقاله :
با توجه به شرایط خاص جغرافیایی- اقلیمی و مصرف بسیار بالای انرژی‌های فسیلی در شهر تهران، طراحی و ساخت بناها و فضاهای شهری همساز با اقلیم و در راستای بهره‌مندی مطلوب از انرژی‌های تجدیدپذیر از جمله انرژی خورشیدی ضروری است. ویژگی‌های کالبدی ساختمان‌ها نقش بسیار مهمی در تنظیم شرایط خرد اقلیم و وضعیت حرارتی فضاهای داخلی و بیرونی ساختمان‌ها دارد. هدف این تحقیق تعیین فرم، نسبت ابعادی و جهت‌گیری مناسب ساختمان‌ها بر اساس میزان دریافت تابش خورشیدی در شهر تهران است. در این تحقیق شش فرم هندسی از جمله مربع، مستطیل، شش ضلعی، هشت ضلعی، شانزده ضلعی و سی و دو ضلعی (دایره) با مساحت و ارتفاع برابر و در راستای رو به جنوب مورد مطالعه قرار گرفت. با استفاده از نرم‌افزار Q-BASIC، زاویه سمت و ارتفاع خورشید استخراج شده، سپس بر اساس روش محاسباتی "قانون کسینوس"، میزان انرژی تابشی دریافتی سطوح قائم ساختمان‌ها در 32 جهت جغرافیایی محاسبه گردید. نتایج نشان می‌دهد که بیشترین میزان انرژی دریافتی سالانه مربوط به فرم مستطیل با راستای شمالی- جنوبی و کمترین نیز مربوط به فرم مستطیل با راستای شرقی- غربی است. بهترین فرم ساختمان در شهر تهران، مستطیل با راستای شرقی- غربی و بعد از آن فرم مربع است. مناسب‌ترین نسبت ابعادی برای فرم مستطیل با راستای شرقی- غربی در شهر تهران، نسبت 4/1:1 است. مناسب‌ترین جهات استقرار ساختمان برای نسبت ابعادی تعیین شده، جهت جهت 165 درجه جنوب شرقی و غربی و بعد از آن جهت رو به جنوب است.
Considering the special geographical-climatic conditions and the high consumption of fossil fuels in Tehran, the design of buildings, consistent with the climate and in order to benefit from renewable energies such as solar energy is necessary. The physical characteristics of buildings have a very important role in the regulation of microclimate conditions and thermal situation of interior and exterior spaces of buildings. The aim of this research is to determine the proper form, aspect ratio and orientation of buildings, based on the amount of received solar radiation in Tehran. In this research, six geometric forms, including square, rectangle, hexagonal, octagonal, hexadecagon and triacontadigon with an equal area and elevation were studied. Using the Q-BASIC software, the azimuth angle and altitude of the sun were extracted, then, based on “Law of Cosines” computational method, the amount of energy received at the vertical surfaces was estimated in 32 geographic directions. The results show that the highest amount of annual received energy is related to the rectangular form with the North-South orientation and the least amount is related to the rectangular form with East-West orientation. The best form of building in Tehran is a rectangle with East-West orientation and after that is the square form. The most suitable aspect ratio for the rectangular form with the East-West orientation is the ratio of 1: 1.4. The most appropriate orientations for the specified aspect ratios, are the 165 degrees South-East and South-West and then is the directions to the South.
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