مکانیسمهای تضمین حق بر هوای پاک در ایران و اتحادیه اروپا
محورهای موضوعی :
حقوق محیط زیست
فاطمه حمیدی
1
,
مریم افشاری
2
,
علی مشهدی
3
1 - دانشجوی دکتری حقوق محیطزیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و محیطزیست، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، تهران، ایران.
2 - استادیار، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد دماوند، تهران، ایران (نویسنده مسئول)
3 - دانشیار،گروه حقوق بینالملل،دانشکده حقوق، دانشگاه قم، قم، ایران.
تاریخ دریافت : 1401/04/04
تاریخ پذیرش : 1401/08/11
تاریخ انتشار : 1401/07/01
کلید واژه:
آلودگی هوا,
حق بر هوای پاک,
ایران,
اتحادیه اروپا,
نظام حقوقی,
چکیده مقاله :
زمینه و هدف: در ایران هنوز مسئله تضمین حق بر هوای پاک و سازو کارهای اجرایی آن جایگاه واقعى خود را در نظام حقوقى پیدا نکرده است. هدف مقاله تفسیر وضعیت موجود در حق شهروندی، متناسب با دسترسی به هوای پاک، و قوانین متناظر با آن در ایران است. برای رسیدن به این هدف، کشورهای اروپایی و قوانین متناظر، بهعنوان سنگ معیار انتخاب شدهاند. درنهایت، ارائه راهکارهایی، در قالب دلایل عدم تعریف قوانین حقوق بشری متناظر و اجرای آنها در زمینه هوای پاک، هدف غایی مقاله خواهد بود.روش بررسی: پژوهش حاضر از نوع تحقیقات کاربردی قرار می باشد بهطور ویژه، رویکرد استنباطی و تحلیل شرایط موجود توسط نویسنده، اصلیترین مسیرها در برداشتهای نهایی بودهاند.یافتهها: در ایران هنوز مسئله تضمین حق بشر بر هوای پاک و مکانیسمهای اجرایی آن جایگاه واقعى خود را در نظام حقوقى پیدا نکرده است بهطور خاص، عناصری چون نیاز به سرمایهگذاری کلان، برنامهریزی بلندمدت و تحقیق شده و دسترسی به فناوریهای روز برای مصارف صنعتی، چالشهای اصلی در تعریف و اجرای حقوق شهروندان در مسئله دسترسی به هوای پاک هستند. در مقابل اتحادیه اروپا در زمینه ایجاد یک نظام حقوقی خاص در زمینه مقابله با آلودگی هوا همیشه پیشگام بوده است.نتیجهگیری: سطح آلودگی هوا، بنابر گزارشات و استانداردهای داخلی و خارجی، در ایران ناقض حقوق زندگی و سلامت، حقوق کودکان، حق زندگی در محیط سالم و پایدار است. در ایران، نظام حقوقی کافی برای اعاده حقوق شهروندی در مساله هوای پاک وجود ندارد یا درصورت وجود، بهطور کامل اجرایی نمیشوند. یکی از اصلیترین موانع در اجرایی شدن قوانین حفظ سلامت هوا، دسترسی کشور به فناوریهای روز و استفاده از آنها در صنایع است؛ در این ایرن دسترسی به این فناوریها، بههر دلیلی، محدود است.
چکیده انگلیسی:
Background and Aim: In Iran, the issue of guaranteeing the right to clean air and its enforcement mechanisms has not yet found its real position in the legal system. The purpose of the article is to interpret the current situation regarding the right of citizenship, according to access to clean air, and the corresponding laws in Iran. To achieve this goal, European countries and corresponding laws have been chosen as benchmarks. Finally, providing solutions in the form of reasons for not defining the corresponding human rights laws and implementing them in the field of clean air will be the ultimate goal of the article.Methods: The current research is of the type of applied research, especially, the inferential approach and the analysis of the existing conditions by the author were the main paths in the final impressions.Findings: In Iran, the issue of guaranteeing the human right to clean air and its enforcement mechanisms has not yet found its real position in the legal system, specifically, elements such as the need for large investments, long-term and researched planning, and access to modern technologies for industrial use. The main challenges in defining and implementing citizens' rights are in the issue of access to clean air. In contrast, the European Union has always been a pioneer in creating a specific legal system in the field of dealing with air pollution.Conclusion: According to internal and external reports and standards, the level of air pollution in Iran violates the rights to life and health, children's rights, and the right to live in a healthy and sustainable environment. In Iran, there is no sufficient legal system to restore citizen's rights in the issue of clean air, or if there is, they are not fully implemented
منابع و مأخذ:
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directive 2001/81/EC of the European Parliament and the Council on National Emission Ceilings for Certain Pollutants.
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Asna-ashary, M., Farzanegan, M. R., Feizi, M., & Sadati, S. M. (2020). COVID-19 outbreak and air pollution in Iran: a panel VAR analysis (No. 16-2020). MAGKS Joint Discussion Paper Series in Economics.
Lotfian, S., & Nasri Fakhredavood, S. (2018). Environmental policy in Iran. POLITICAL QUARTERLY, 48(1), 97-121.
Zahedi, Ali and Khodakarmi, N., "Analysis and investigation of the crime of air pollution in Iranian cities from the perspective of criminal law and international conventions", New Perspectives in Human Geography (Human Geography), 1398, 11(4). (In Persian)
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air quality status 2021 report, air quality status briefing 2021 /eea.europa.eu
A guid, European communities publication, 2003.
Council Directive 96/62/EC of 27 September 1996 on Ambient Air Quality Assessment and Management
hps weekly report,volume 56, issue14/eea publishesbriefing on europes air quality status in 2022/hps.scot.nhs.uk
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Brisman, A. (2014). Environmental and human rights. Encyclopedia of criminology and criminal justice, 3, 1344-1345.
hps weekly report,volume 56, issue14/eea publishesbriefing on europes air quality status in 2022/hps.scot.nhs.uk
Mashhadi, Ali, "Looking at the history of the evolution of international environmental law", Journal of Environmental Law, 2019. (In Persian)
Kotiuk, I., Weiss, A., & Taddei, U. (2022). Does the European Convention on Human Rights guarantee a human right to clean and healthy air? Litigating at the nexus between human rights and the environment-the practitioners' perspective. In Human Rights and the Planet (pp. 122-151). Edward Elgar Publishing.
Abdullahi, Mohsen, Mashhadi, Ali and Masoud Faradi, "Air Protection Rights", Mizan Publishing, 2013. (In Persian)
Bakshikhaniki, Gholamreza, "Environmental Pollution", Payam Noor University Publications, 2018. (In Persian)
Giok-Ling Ooi,Kalyani Chattergea, Chew-Hung Chang and Kenneth Y.T Lim, 2007, Geographies of Changing World, Singapore, NewYork, London :Pearson Press
Fani, Zohra, "Development, Sustainability and Globalization", 2013, Tehran: National Center for Globalization Studies, second edition. (In Persian)
directive 2001/81/EC of the European Parliament and the Council on National Emission Ceilings for Certain Pollutants.
EEA, E. (2019). Air quality in Europe—2019 report. European Environment Agency.
Amirarjamand, Ardeshir, "Environmental Protection and International Solidarity", Journal of Legal Research, 1374, No. 15. (In Persian)
Abbasi, Mahmoud and Soodmandi, Abdul Majid, "Human rights and the right to benefit from clean air", Ethology Quarterly, 2015, year six, number twenty-one. (In Persian)
Ansari, M., & Ehrampoush, M. H. (2019). Meteorological correlates and AirQ+ health risk assessment of ambient fine particulate matter in Tehran, Iran. Environmental research, 170, 141-150.
Asna-ashary, M., Farzanegan, M. R., Feizi, M., & Sadati, S. M. (2020). COVID-19 outbreak and air pollution in Iran: a panel VAR analysis (No. 16-2020). MAGKS Joint Discussion Paper Series in Economics.
Lotfian, S., & Nasri Fakhredavood, S. (2018). Environmental policy in Iran. POLITICAL QUARTERLY, 48(1), 97-121.
Zahedi, Ali and Khodakarmi, N., "Analysis and investigation of the crime of air pollution in Iranian cities from the perspective of criminal law and international conventions", New Perspectives in Human Geography (Human Geography), 1398, 11(4). (In Persian)
Karimi, Dariush and Mousavi Madani, Negin, "Reviewing the effectiveness of laws and legal regulations regarding air pollution in Iran", Environmental Science and Technology Quarterly, 2016, special issue number 4. (In Persian)
Sabouripour, Mehdi and Hajivand, Amin, "Analysis of air pollution in the clean air law approved in 2016", 2017, 7th National Conference on Air and Noise Pollution Management, Tehran. (In Persian)
Ramezani Qawamabadi, Mohammad Hossein, "Environmental protection in the fundamental rights of the Islamic Republic of Iran", Perspectives on Judicial Laws, 2012, No. 63. (In Persian)
air quality status 2021 report, air quality status briefing 2021 /eea.europa.eu
A guid, European communities publication, 2003.
Council Directive 96/62/EC of 27 September 1996 on Ambient Air Quality Assessment and Management
hps weekly report,volume 56, issue14/eea publishesbriefing on europes air quality status in 2022/hps.scot.nhs.uk