Allelopathic Effects of Some Organic Mulch Extracts on Seed Germination and Early Growth of Some Ornamental Plants
محورهای موضوعی : مجله گیاهان زینتیFatemeh Kazemi 1 , Mansoure Jozay 2
1 - Associate Professor, Department of Horticulture and Landscape, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
2 - MSc Graduate, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
کلید واژه: germination, urban landscape, Allelopathy, Mulch, Flowering plant,
چکیده مقاله :
Mulches have significant environmental, aesthetic and functional benefits. However, there are arguments that some organic types of mulches prevent seed germination and the growth of plants due to their allelopathic effects. This study examined the allelopathic influence of the extracts of some organic mulches on seed germination percentage, and growth of the seedlings of some ornamental plants in two interrelated experiments. In the first experiment, allelopathic effects of six organic mulches including pine wood chips of the plane tree, pine cones, pine leaves, pine barks, sawdust,and grass clippings of Festuca arundincea were examined on germination and early growth of lettuce seeds as an indicator species. The second experiment was designed based on the results of the first experiment so that the extracts of the mulches with the lowest germination rates were selected and their effect on seed germination of five flowering plants of Alyssum maritimum, Celosia argentea, Tagetes sp., Zinnia sp. and Rudbeckia sp. were evaluated. The results showed that pine leave extracts had inhibitory effects on germination of lettuce seeds (in the first experiment) and also showed significant and strong inhibitory effects (P<0.01) on seed germination, radicle length, plumule length, plumule fresh and dry weights of all seasonal flowers. Based on these results, pine leaves after being released in the soil or after decomposition may act as a source of allelochemicals and should be used by care as mulch in landscaping at least if it is combined with ornamental plants.
مالچها فواید عمده زیست محیطی، زینتی و کاربردی دارند. با این وجود، در خصوص اینکه برخی مالچها مانع جوانهزنی و رشد گیاهان به خاطر اثرات آللوپاتیک میشوند، بحثهایی وجود دارد. این مطالعه اثر آللوپاتیک عصارههای برخی مالچهای آلی را بر درصد جوانهزنی بذر و رشد دانهالهای برخی گیاهان زینتی در دو آزمایش بههم مرتبط بررسی کرد. در آزمایش اول، تاثیرات آللوپاتیک شش نوع مالچ شامل چیپس چوب درخت چنار، میوههای کاج، برگهای کاج، پوستههای تنه درخت کاج، خاک اره، و سرزنیهای چمن فستوکای بلند بر جوانهزنی و رشد اولیه بذرهای کاهو بهعنوان یک گیاه شاخص بررسی شد. آزمایش دوم بر پایه نتایج آزمایش اول طراحی شد بهطوریکه عصارههای مالچهای با پایینترین میزان جوانهزنی انتخاب شدند و تاثیر آنها بر جوانهزنی پنج گیاه گلدار Alyssum maritimum, Celosia argentea, Tagetes sp., Zinnia sp. و Rudbeckia sp. بررسی گردید. نتایج نشان داد عصاره برگهای کاج اثرات بازدارنده بر جوانهزنی بذرهای کاهو (در آزمایش اول) داشت و همچنین اثرات معنیدار و قوی بازدارندگی بر جوانهزنی بذر، طول ریشهچه، طول ساقهچه، وزن تر و خشک ساقهچه همه گیاهان زینتی داشت. بر اساس این نتایج، برگهای کاج بعد از رها شدن یا تجزیه در خاک میتوانند بهعنوان منبع شیمیایی آللوپاتیک عمل کنند و باید با احتیاط بهعنوان مالچ در منظرسازی، حداقل در تلفیق با گیاهان زینتی استفاده شوند.
Ankita, G. and Chabbi, M. 2012. Effect of allelopathic leaf extract of some selected weed flora of ajmer district on seed germination of Triticum aestivum L. Science Research Reporter, 2 (3): 311-315.
Awan, F.K., Rasheed, M., Ashraf, M. and Khurshid, M.Y. 2012. Efficacy of Brassica, Sorghum and sunflower aqueous extracts to control wheat weeds under rainfed conditions of Pothwar, Pakistan. The Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences, 22 (3): 715-721.
Ayyaz Khan, M., Hussain, I. and Ahmad Khan, E. 2008. Allelopathic effects of eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldulensis L.) on germination and seedling growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Pakistan Journal of Weed Sciences Research, 14 (1-2): 9-18.
Babaahmadi, H., Ghanbari, A., Asadi, G. and Khodambashi Emami, M. 2013. Allelopathic effect from some medicinal plants on germination of Alyssum hirsutum and Amaranthus retroflexus. International Journal of Agronomy and Plant Production, 4 (12): 3344-3347.
Bromley, B.J. 2015. Basics of flower gardening, Rutgers New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station, Mercer County Horticulturist. College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences.
Daniele, M., Benvenuti, S., Cacini, S., Lazzereschi, S. and Burchi, G. 2019. Effect of hydro-compacting organic mulch on weed control and crop performance in the cultivation of three container-grown ornamental shrubs: Old solutions meet new insights. Scientia Horticulturae, 252: 260-267.
Duryea, M.L., Jeffry English, R. and Annie Hamansen, L. 1999. A comparison of landscape mulches: Chemical, allelopathic, and decomposition properties. Journal of Arboriculture, 52 (2): 88-97.
Ellefson, C.L. and Winger, D. 2004. Xeriscape colorado: The complete guide. Westcliffe Press. pp 256. EPA (2002). Landscaping with native plants. www.epa.gov
Fallah Toosi, A. and Baki, B.B. 2012. Allelopathic potential of Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. var. Ensabi. Pakistan Journal of Weed Sciences Research, 18: 651-656.
Farooq, M., Wahid A., Kobayashi, N., Fujita, D. and Basra, S.M.A. 2009. Plant drought stress: effects, mechanisms and management. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 185-212.
Fikreyesus, S., Kebebew, Z., Nebiyu, A., Zeleke, N. and Bogale, S. 2011. Allelopathic effects of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. on germination and growth of tomato. Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, 11 (5): 600-608.
Golkar, P. and Fotoohi, A. 2019. Assessment of essential oils from different Iranian species of Alyssum. Chemistry of Natural Compounds, 55 (5): 953-955.
Hartmann, H.T., Kester, D.E., Davies, F.T. and Geneve, R.L. 2002. Plant propagation: Principles and practices, 7th Edition. Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
Iies, J.K. and Dosmann, M.S. 1999. Effect of organic and mineral mulches on soil properties and growth of fairview flame® red maple trees. Journal of Arboriculture, 25: 163-167.
Khan, M.A. and Yungar, I.A. 1997. Effect of light, salinity and thermo- period on the seed germination of halophytes. Canadian Journal of Botany, 75: 835-841.
Khayyat, M., Moradinezhad, F., Safari, N., Nazari, S.F., Saeb, H. and Samadzadeh, A. 2014. Seed germination of basil and cress under NaCl and boron stress. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 1-20.
Latif Khan, A., Hamayun, M., Hussain, J., Khan, H., Gilani, S.A., Kikuchi, A., Watanabe, K.N., Ho Jung, E. and Lee, I. 2009. Assessment of allelopathic potential of selected medicinal plants of Pakistan. African Journal of Biotechnology, 8 (6): 1024-1029.
Matthews, S. and Khajeh Hosseini, M. 2007. Length of the lag period of germination and metabolic repair explain vigour differences in seed lots of maize (Zea mays). Seed Science and Technology, 35: 200-212.
Moerman, D. 1998. Native American ethnobotany. Timber Press. Oregon, ISBN 0-88192-453-9.
Moosavi, A., Tavakkol Afshari, R., Asadi, A. and Gharineh, M.H. 2011. Allelopathic effects of aqueous extract of leaf stem and root of Sorghum bicolor on seed germination and seedling growth of Vigna radiata L. Notulae Scientia Biologicae, 3 (2): 114-118.
Morikawa, C.I.O., Miyaura, R., Segovia, G.V., Salgado, E.L.R. and Fujii, Y. 2012. Evaluation of allelopathic activity from peruvian plant species by sandwich method. Pakistan Journal of Weed Sciences Research, 18: 829-834.
Nektarios, P.A., Economou, G. and Avgoulas, C.H. 2005. Allelopatic effects of Pinus halepensis needles on turfgrasses and biosensor plant. HortScience, 40 (1): 246-250.
Pakdel, P. 2010. Studying the effects of mulch type and its thickness on soil temperature, moisture and growth characteristics of several plants used in urban green spaces. MSc. Thesis. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. (In Persian)
Qin, C., Nagai, M., Hagins, W. and Hobbs, R. 2011. The allelopathic effects of juglone containing nuts. The Journal of Experimental Secondary Science, 1-5. www.jes2s.com/pdfs/qin_article.pdf
Saberi, M., Davari, A., Tarnian, F., Shahreki, M. and Shahreki, E. 2013. Allelopathic effects of Eucalyptus camaldulensis on seed germination and initial growth of four range species. Annals of Biological Research, 4 (1): 152-159.
Salim, R. and Abu El-Halaw, R. 2002. Efficiency of dry plant leaves (mulch) for removal of lead, cadmium and copper from aqueous solutions, 80: 270-276.
Singer, C.K. and Martin, C.A. 2008. Effect of landscape mulches on desert landscape microclimates. Arboriculture and Urban Forestry, 34 (4): 230-237.
Weir, T.L., Park, S.W. and Vivanco, J.M. 2004. Biochemical and physiological mechanisms mediated by allelochemicals. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 7: 472–479.
Zhang, C. and Fu, S. 2009. Allelopathic effects of eucalyptus and the establishment of mixed stands of eucalyptus and native species. Forest Ecology and Management, 258: 1391–1396.
Zhang, C. and Fu, S. 2010. Allelopathic effects of leaf litter and live roots exudates of Eucalyptus species on crops. Allelopathy Journal, 26 (1): 91-100.