مطالعه تنوع پاتوتایپ‌ها و عوامل بیماری‌زایی قارچ Puccinia striiformis West. f.sp. tritici عامل بیماری زنگ زرد گندم در ایران
محورهای موضوعی : قارچ شناسی
علیرضا نیازمند
1
(دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد جهرم، گروه بیماری شناسی گیاهی)
فرزاد افشاری
2
(بخش پاتولوزی غلات، مؤسسه تحقیقات اصلاح و تهیه نهال و بذر، کرج)
کلید واژه: ایران, گندم, Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici, پاتوتیپ, ژن Yr,
چکیده مقاله :
سابقه و هدف: بیماری زنگ زرد گندم از بیماری‌های مهم گندم است که بر حسب شرایط آب و هوایی و در طی سال‌های مختلف جمعیت‌های آن دارای تنوع پاتوتایپی زیادی می‌باشد. هدف از این پژوهش، تعیین پاتوتایپ‌های قارچ عامل بیماری در مناطق مختلف آب و هوایی ایران و بررسی تغییرات پاتوتایپ‌ها در طی دو سال متوالی می‌باشد. مواد و روش‌ها: در بهار سال‌های 1387 و 1388، تعداد 29 جدایه زنگ زرد بر اساس پراکندگی و شرایط آب و هوایی از برگ‌های آلوده گندم از مناطق مختلف ایران جمع‌آوری گردید. پس از تکثیر یوریدینیوسپورها در شرایط گل‌خانه‌ای و روی رقم حساس بولانی، جدایه‌ها روی 29 رقم افتراقی مایه‌زنی شدند و بر حسب واکنش ارقام افتراقی پاتوتایپ، توان بیماری‌زایی و عوامل بیماری‌زایی هر جدایه تعیین گردیدند. یافته‌ها: از مجموع 29 جدایه جمع‌آوری شده زنگ زرد گندم، 19 پاتوتایپ شناسایی و در برخی از مناطق پاتوتایپ‌های مشابه 6E2A+، 6E6A+،6E130A+ و6E150A+ تعیین گردیدند. در سال 1387، جدایه اهوازII و جدایه قراخیل به ترتیب با داشتن فاکتوربیماری‌زایی برای 12 و 5 ژن مقاومت به بیماری زنگ زرد گندم به عنوان جدایه‌های با بالاترین و پایین‌ترین توان بیماری‌زایی شناسایی شدند. در سال 1388، بالاترین توان بیماری‌زایی مربوط به جدایه طرقII با داشتن فاکتور بیماری‌زایی برای 10 ژن مقاومت و جدایه‌های مربوط به بروجرد و بایع‌کلاII با داشتن فاکتور بیماری‌زایی برای 4 ژن مقاومت به عنوان جدایه‌هایی با پایین‌ترین توان بیماری‌زایی شناخته شدند. نتیجه‌گیری: با توجه به عدم وجود فاکتور‌های بیماری‌زایی برای ژن‌های مقاومت Yr1، Yr3، Yr4 و Yr10 در برنامه‌های اصلاحی گندم می‌توان از این ژن‌ها در تمام مناطق ایران استفاده نمود.
Background and Objectives: Yellow rust is one of the most important diseases of wheat that the pathogen populations have many pathotypies in different environmental conditions and during different years. This study was conducted to identify the pathotypes of wheat yellow rust in different environmental conditions and during two successive years. Material and Methods: In spring of 2008 and 2009, 29 isolates of wheat yellow rust leaves were collected from different parts of Iran base on the dispersion and the different environmental conditions. Urediniospores of collected leaves were multiplied on Bolani under greenhouse conditions and then pathotypes, virulence factors and frequency were detected base on inoculated differential sets responses to each isolates. Results: Among 29 collected isolates, 19 pathotypes were identified. In some regions similar pathotypes observed including 6E2A+, 6E6A+, 6E130A+ and 6E150A+. In 2008, the most and the least virulence potency related to isolates Ahvaz2 and Gharakhil that could overcome 12 and 5 resistance genes of the host plant, respectively. In 2009, the most and the least virulence potency related to isolates from BayekolaII, ToroghII, Borojerd and ZarghanII that could overcome 10 and 4 resistance genes of the host plant, respectively. In two years, the majority of isolates with a high frequency percent showed virulence on plant/s with Yr2, Yr2+, Yr7, Yr7+ and YrA genes. No virulence was detected on plant/s with Yr 1, 3, 4, 5, 9+, 10, 15, CV, SP, SU and ND genes. Conclusion: Considering the fact that no virulence was detected for plant/s with Yr1, Yr3, Yr4 and Yr10 genes, these genes can be used in wheat breeding programs in all regions of Iran to control wheat yellow rust.
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