جهانی‌شدن؛ فرصت یا تهدیدی برای سلامت؟ (مورد کاوی ایران)
محورهای موضوعی : -مدارک پزشکی
ابوالقاسم گل خندان
1
(دانشگاه لرستان)
مهدی رستمی
2
(دانشگاه علوم پزشکی اراک)
کلید واژه: مدل خودرگرسیون با وقفه‌های توزیعی, آزمون کرانه‌ها, ایران, جهانی‌شدن, سلامت,
چکیده مقاله :
مقدمه: بخش سلامت به‌رغم عمومی بودن و طبیعت غیرتجاری‌اش، به میزان قابل توجهی تحت تأثیر جهانی‌شدن قرار گرفته است. جهانی‌شدن به‌واسطه‌ی برداشته‌شدن مرزهای گمرکی، ایجاد بازارهای مشترک، رشد و توزیع درآمد و ...، می‌تواند به طور مستقیم بر سلامت تأثیرگذار باشد؛ علاوه بر آن، جهانی‌شدن به‌واسطه عواملی هم‌چون تأثیر بر روی فرهنگ و آداب و رسوم، بر عرصه‌ی سلامت تأثیرگذار است. لذا، هدف این مطالعه بررسی اثر جهانی‌شدن بر روی سلامت در ایران می‌باشد. روش پژوهش: این مطالعه با استفاده از داده‌های سری زمانی 1390 - 1358 به بررسی رابطه‌ی پویای بلندمدت و کوتاه‌مدت بین شاخص‌های سلامت، شاخص‌های جهانی‌شدن، درآمد سرانه و سرانه‌ی پزشک پرداخته است. به این منظور از آزمون هم‌گرایی کرانه‌ها و مدل خودرگرسیون با وقفه‌های توزیعی (ARDL) استفاده شده است. هم‌چنین، تحلیل داده‌ها به کمک نرم‌افزارهای Eviews و Microfit انجام شده است. یافته‌ها: بر اساس نتایج به‌دست‌آمده از مدل ARDL، جهانی‌شدن کل، جهانی‌شدن اقتصادی، جهانی‌شدن اجتماعی، درآمد سرانه و سرانه‌ی پزشک، شاخص‌های سلامت را در کوتاه‌مدت و بلندمدت بهبود می‌بخشند، در حالی‌که تأثیر جهانی‌شدن سیاسی بر شاخص‌های سلامت در کوتاه‌مدت و بلندمدت بی‌معناست. یک درصد افزایش در شاخص جهانی‌شدن کل، امید به زندگی را در کوتاه‌مدت و بلندمدت به‌ترتیب 03/0 و 14/0 درصد افزایش و نرخ مرگ و میر کودکان زیر 5 سال را در کوتاه‌مدت و بلندمدت به‌ترتیب 07/0 و 29/0 درصد کاهش می‌دهد. نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج تحقیق حاکی از آن است که جهانی شدن اقتصادی به طور قابل توجه‌ای نسبت به سایر جنبه‌های جهانی‌شدن، شاخص‌های سلامت را بهبود می‌بخشد؛ لذا، حرکت به سمت اقتصاد باز می‌تواند بر ارتقای سلامت افراد جامعه مؤثر باشد.
Introduction: Health sector has been considerably affected by globalization, despite its public and non-commercial nature. Globalization can directly effect on health through the removal of customs barriers, the creation of common markets, growth and income distribution and; In addition, globalization can affect the field of health through several factors such as its impact on culture and customs. So, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of globalization on health in Iran. Methods: This study is paid to study dynamic long-term and short-term relationship between health indicators, globalization Indexes, per capita income and per capita physician, by using time series data from 1979-2011. For this purpose is used the bounds co integration test and Auto-Regressive Distributed Lags (ARDL) model. Also,the statistical analyzes were performed using software Eviews and Microfit. Results: Based on the results of the ARDL model, total globalization, economic globalization, social globalization, income per capita and per capita physician; improve health indicators in the short-term and long-term, while the influence of political globalization on health indicators is meaningless in the short-term and long-term. One percent increase in the index of total globalization, increases the life expectancy in the short-term and long-term, respectively, 0.03 and 0.14 percent and decreasesthe mortality rateofchildren under 5 years in the short-term and long-term, respectively 0.07 and 0.29 percent. Conclusion: The results indicate that economic globalization is remarkable compared to other aspects of globalization, health indicators improved; therefore, move towards an open economy can be effective in promoting public health.
1- Bergh A, Nilsson T. Good for Living? On the Relationship between Globalization and Life Expectancy. World Development 2009; 38(9): 1191–1203.
2- Akhavan Behbahani A. Globalization and Health. Majlis and Research 2004; 11(43): 283–305. [Persian]
3- Tsai MC. Does Globalization Affect Human Well-Being? Social Indicators Research 2007; 81, 103–126.
4- WHO. Globalization-How Healthy? Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2001; 79: 902-903.
5- Owen AL, Wu S. Is Trade Good for Your Health? Review of International Economics 2007; 15(4): 660–682.
6- Bussmann M. The Effect of Trade Openness on Women's Welfare and Work Life. World Development 2009; 37: 1027-1038.
7- Stroup MD. Economic Freedom, Democracy, and the Quality of Life. World Development 2007; 35: 52–66.
8- Ovaska T, Takashima T. Economic Policy and the Level of Self-Perceived Well-Being: An International Comparison. Journal of Socio-Economics 2006; 35(2): 308–325.
9- Fotros MH, Akbari F, Mirzaei M. Effect of Economic Freedom on Life Expectancy. Journal of Economic Rahbord 2012; 1(3): 169–193. [Persian]
10- Dreher A, Gaston N, Martens P. Measuring Globalization Gauging its Consequences. Springer: New York; 2008.
11- Bechtel GG. Does Globalization Mitigate Income Inequality? Journal of Data Science 2014; 12: 197-215.
12- Pesaran MH, Shin Y, Smith RJ. Bounds Testing Approaches to the Analysis of Level Relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics 2001; 16: 289-326.
13- Banerji A, Dolado J, Galbraith J.W, Hendry D.F. Cointegration, Error Correction, and the Econometric Analysis of Non-stationary Data. Oxford University Press; 1993.
14- Narayan PK, Narayan S. Estimating Income and Price Elasticity of Imports for Fiji in a Cointegration Framework. Economic Modelling 2005; 22: 423-38.
15- Alam MI, Quazy RM. Determinant of Capital Flight: An Econometric Case Study of Bangladesh. Review of Applied Economics 2003; 17: 85-103.
16- Tashkini A. Applied Econometrics with Microfit; 2005. [Persian]
17- Ang JB. Co2 Emissions, Energy Consumption, and Output in France. Energy Policy 2007; 35: 4772-4778.
18- Bai J, Perron P. Computation and Analysis of Multiple Structural Changes Models. Journal of Applied Econometrics 2003; 18(1): 1-22.
19- Zivot E, Andrews D.W.K. “Further Evidence on the Great Crash, the Oil Price Shock, and the Unit Root Hypothesis”. Journal of Business and Economic Statistics 1992; 10: 70-25.
20- Lee J, Strazisich M. Minimum LM Unit Root Test with Two Structural Breaks. Review of Economics and Statistics 2003; 85: 1082–1089.
21- Narayan PK. The Saving and Investment Nexus for China: Evidence from Cointegration Tests. Applied Economics 2005; 37(17): 1979-1990.
22- Brown R, Durbin L, Evans J. Techniques for testing the Constancy of Regression Relations over Time. Journal of Royal Statistical Society 1975; 37: 149-163.
23- Bazkhaneh S, Karimzadeh M, Tahsili H. Study of Socio - Economic Factors Affecting on Life Expectancy in Iran”. Economic Journal 2015; 15(1,2): 77-94. [Persian]
24- Behboodi D, Bastan F. Impact of Social Capital on Public Health in Iran. Journal of Economic Sociology and Development 2012; 1: 27-46. [Persian]
25- Ahmadi A, Ghaffari H, Emadi S. Relationship between Macroeconomic Variables. Social Welfare Journal 2011; 10 (39): 7-32. [Persian]
26- Heidari H, Salehinezhad Z. Income Inequality as a Threat for Public Health: Reinvestigation of Income Distribution and Health Nexus with a New Approach. Journal of Social Welfare 2014; 14 (53): 7-36. [Persian]
_||_1- Bergh A, Nilsson T. Good for Living? On the Relationship between Globalization and Life Expectancy. World Development 2009; 38(9): 1191–1203.
2- Akhavan Behbahani A. Globalization and Health. Majlis and Research 2004; 11(43): 283–305. [Persian]
3- Tsai MC. Does Globalization Affect Human Well-Being? Social Indicators Research 2007; 81, 103–126.
4- WHO. Globalization-How Healthy? Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2001; 79: 902-903.
5- Owen AL, Wu S. Is Trade Good for Your Health? Review of International Economics 2007; 15(4): 660–682.
6- Bussmann M. The Effect of Trade Openness on Women's Welfare and Work Life. World Development 2009; 37: 1027-1038.
7- Stroup MD. Economic Freedom, Democracy, and the Quality of Life. World Development 2007; 35: 52–66.
8- Ovaska T, Takashima T. Economic Policy and the Level of Self-Perceived Well-Being: An International Comparison. Journal of Socio-Economics 2006; 35(2): 308–325.
9- Fotros MH, Akbari F, Mirzaei M. Effect of Economic Freedom on Life Expectancy. Journal of Economic Rahbord 2012; 1(3): 169–193. [Persian]
10- Dreher A, Gaston N, Martens P. Measuring Globalization Gauging its Consequences. Springer: New York; 2008.
11- Bechtel GG. Does Globalization Mitigate Income Inequality? Journal of Data Science 2014; 12: 197-215.
12- Pesaran MH, Shin Y, Smith RJ. Bounds Testing Approaches to the Analysis of Level Relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics 2001; 16: 289-326.
13- Banerji A, Dolado J, Galbraith J.W, Hendry D.F. Cointegration, Error Correction, and the Econometric Analysis of Non-stationary Data. Oxford University Press; 1993.
14- Narayan PK, Narayan S. Estimating Income and Price Elasticity of Imports for Fiji in a Cointegration Framework. Economic Modelling 2005; 22: 423-38.
15- Alam MI, Quazy RM. Determinant of Capital Flight: An Econometric Case Study of Bangladesh. Review of Applied Economics 2003; 17: 85-103.
16- Tashkini A. Applied Econometrics with Microfit; 2005. [Persian]
17- Ang JB. Co2 Emissions, Energy Consumption, and Output in France. Energy Policy 2007; 35: 4772-4778.
18- Bai J, Perron P. Computation and Analysis of Multiple Structural Changes Models. Journal of Applied Econometrics 2003; 18(1): 1-22.
19- Zivot E, Andrews D.W.K. “Further Evidence on the Great Crash, the Oil Price Shock, and the Unit Root Hypothesis”. Journal of Business and Economic Statistics 1992; 10: 70-25.
20- Lee J, Strazisich M. Minimum LM Unit Root Test with Two Structural Breaks. Review of Economics and Statistics 2003; 85: 1082–1089.
21- Narayan PK. The Saving and Investment Nexus for China: Evidence from Cointegration Tests. Applied Economics 2005; 37(17): 1979-1990.
22- Brown R, Durbin L, Evans J. Techniques for testing the Constancy of Regression Relations over Time. Journal of Royal Statistical Society 1975; 37: 149-163.
23- Bazkhaneh S, Karimzadeh M, Tahsili H. Study of Socio - Economic Factors Affecting on Life Expectancy in Iran”. Economic Journal 2015; 15(1,2): 77-94. [Persian]
24- Behboodi D, Bastan F. Impact of Social Capital on Public Health in Iran. Journal of Economic Sociology and Development 2012; 1: 27-46. [Persian]
25- Ahmadi A, Ghaffari H, Emadi S. Relationship between Macroeconomic Variables. Social Welfare Journal 2011; 10 (39): 7-32. [Persian]
26- Heidari H, Salehinezhad Z. Income Inequality as a Threat for Public Health: Reinvestigation of Income Distribution and Health Nexus with a New Approach. Journal of Social Welfare 2014; 14 (53): 7-36. [Persian]