Comparative Study of Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Essential Oil Extracted from Acorus calamus L. Leaves
Subject Areas : Journal of Medicinal Herbs, "J. Med Herb" (Formerly known as Journal of Herbal Drugs or J. Herb Drug)پینکی چابی 1 , آرکانا پارکی 2 , ام پراکاش 3 , راوندرا کومار 4 , ای. کا پانت 5
1 - دانشکده علوم پایه؛ گروه شیمی، دانشگاه G.B. pant، هند
2 - دانشکده علوم پایه؛ گروه شیمی، دانشگاه G.B. pant، هند
3 - دانشکده علوم پایه؛ گروه شیمی، دانشگاه G.B. pant، هند
4 - دانشکده علوم پایه؛ گروه شیمی، دانشگاه G.B. pant، هند
5 - دانشکده علوم پایه؛ گروه شیمی، دانشگاه G.B. pant، هند
Keywords: Antioxidant, Essential oil, Acorus calamus, &alpha, -asarone,
Abstract :
Background & Aim: Acorus calamus L. is a native herb in India. The herb belongs to family Acoraceae. It is perennial and grows in marshy land with scented rhizomes and tapered reed like leaves with 80-100 cm in height. The leaves generally arise from the rhizomes. It is also known as sweet flag in English and vernacularly as Bach. The present investigation reveals the chemical diversity and antioxidant activity of Acorus calamus leaf essential oils from different altitudinal regions of Uttarakhand. Experimental: The essential oil composition of Acorus calamus (Araceae) leaves, collected from twenty different ecological niches of Uttarakhand, in India with oil yield ranged between 0.2-1.4 percent, were analyzed by GC/MS. DPPH assay were performed for determination of antioxidant activity of each oil. Results: The major component ranging 43.4-60.7% of the total oil was identified as β- asarone. The other predominant constituents were α-asarone (2.6-7.9%), shyobunone (3.4-6.3%) and Z- isoelemicin (3.2-5.4%). The antioxidant activity of essential oil was studied by their ability to scavenge free radicals with different IC50 values (10.79-106.44 μg/ml) in comparison to standard antioxidant. Recommended applications/industries: The vast chemical diversity of the herb essential oil and its antioxidant potential can be good natural source for herbal neutraceuticals and phenyl propanoids, the biologically important class of terpenoids.
Adams, R.P. 2007.Identification of Essential Oil Components by Gas Chromatography/Mass. Spectroscopy, 4th Edn. Allured Publishing Co., Carol Stream Illinois.
Barku, V.Y.A., Opoku-Boahen, Y., Owusu-Ansah E. and Mensah, E.F. 2013. Antioxidant activity and the estimation of total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the root extract of Amaranthus spinosu. Asian Journal of Plant Science and Research,3: 69-74.
Clevenger, J.F. 1928.Apparatus for the determination of volatile oil. Journal of the American Pharmacists Association, 17: 345-349.
Chen, H.P., Yang, K., Zheng, L.S., You, C.X., Cai, Q. and Wang, C.F. 2015. Repellant and insecticidal activities of shyobunone and isoshyobunone derived from the essential oil of Acorus calamus rhizomes. Pharmacognosy Magazine, 11: 675–681.
Devi, N.N., Devi, H.R., Asem, S.D., Chongtham, I. and Chanu, K.S. 2014. Antioxidant activity of methanolic extract of leaves and rhizomes of Acorus calamus L. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research,3: 4871-4875.
Geng, Y., Li, C., Liu, J., Xing, G., Zhou, L., Dong, M., Li, X. and Niu, Y. 2010. Beta-asarone improves cognitive function by suppressing neuronal apoptosis in the beta-amyloid hippocampus injection rats. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 33: 836- 843.
Gilani, A.U., Shah, A.J., Ahmad, M. and Shaheen, F. 2006. Antispasmodic effect of Acorus calamus is mediated through calcium channel blockade. Phytotherapy Research, 20: 1080–1084.
Joshi, N., Prakash, O. and Pant, A.K. 2012. Essential oil composition and in vitro antibacterial activity of rhizome essential oil and beta-asarone from A.calamus L. collected from lower Himalayan region of Uttarakhand. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 15: 32-37.
Keller, K. and Stahl, E.1983. Composition of the essential oil from β-asarone free Calamus. Planta Medica, 47: 71-74.
Kim, B.W., Koppula, S., Kumar, H., Park, J.Y., Kim, I.W., More, S.V., Kim, I.S., Han, S.D., Kim, S.K., Yoon, S.H. and Choi, D.K. 2015. α-Asarone attenuates microglia-mediated neuroinflammation by inhibiting NF kappa B activation and mitigates MPTP-induced behavioral deficits in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Neuropharmacology, 97: 46-57.
Kumar, R., Prakash, O., Pant, A.K. Hore, S.K., Chanotiya, C.S. and Mathela, C.S. 2009.Compositional variations and anthelmintic activity of essential oils from rhizomes of different wild populations of A. calamus L. and its major component, beta-asarone. Natural Product Communications, 4: 275-278.
Liu, X.C., Zhou, L.G., Liu Z.L. and Du, S.S. 2013.Identification of insecticidal constituents of the essential oil of Acorus calamus rhizomes against Liposcelis bostrychophila Badonnel. Molecules, 18: 5684-5696.
Li, M.X. and Jiang, Z.R. 1993. The volatile constituents of the essential oil and their distribution in Acorus calamus L. Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drug, 24: 459-461.
Manikandan, S. and Devi, R.S. 2005. Antioxidant property of α-asarone against noise-stress-induced changes in different regions of rat brain. Pharmacological Research, 52: 467-474.
Mazza, G. 1985. Gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric studies of the constituents of the rhizome of A. calamus. I. the volatile constituents of the essential oil. Journal ofChromatogrphy A, 328: 179-194.
Mehrotra, S., Mishra, K.P., Maurya, R., Srimal, R.C., Yadav, V.S., Pandey, R. and Singh, V.S. 2003. Anticellcular and immunosuppressive prosive properties of Ethanolic extract of Acorus calamus rhizomes. International journal of Pharmaceutics, 53:61.
Opdyke, D.L.J. 1973. Monographs on fragrance raw materials; Caryophyllene. Food and Cosmetics Toxicology, 11: 1059–1060.
Patra, A. and Mitra, A.K. 1979. Constituents of Acorus Calamus Linn. Indian Journal of Chemistry, 17: 412-414.
Peana, A.T., D’Aquila, P.S., Panin, F., Serra, G., Pippia P. and Moretti, M.D.L. 2002. Anti-inflammatory activity of linalool and linalyl acetate constituents of essential oils. Phytomedicine, 9: 721–726.
Prakash, O., Gondwal, M. and Pant, A.K.2011. Essential oils composition and antioxidant activity of water extract from seeds and fruit pulp of Skimmia anquetilia N.P. Taylor & Airy Shaw. Indian Journal of Natural Products and Resources, 2: 435-441.
Raal, A., Orav A. and Gretchushnikova, T. 2016. β-Asarone content and essential oil composition of Acorus calamus L. rhizomes from Estonia. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 28: 299-304.
Radusiene, J., Judzentiene, A., Peciulyte, D. and Janulis, V. 2007. Essential oil composition and antimicrobial assay of Acorus calamus leaves from different wild populations. Plant Genetic Resources, 5: 37-44.
Raina, V.K., Srivastava, S.K. and Syamasunder, K.V. 2002. Essential oil composition of Acorus calamus from the lower region of the Himalayas. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 18: 18-20.
Rost, L.C.M. and Bos, R.1979. Biosystematic investigations with Acorus L. Planta Medica, 36: 350-361.
Shin, J.W., Cheong, Y.J., Koo, Y.M., Kim, S., Noh, C.K., Son, Y.H., Kang, C. and Sohn, N.W. 2014.α- Asarone Ameliorates Memory Deficit in Lipopolysaccharide-Treated Mice via Suppression of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines and Microglial Activation. Biomol Ther(Seoul),22: 17-26.
Si, M.M., Lou, J.S., Zhou, C.X. and Shen, J.N. 2010. Insulin releasing and alpha glucosidaseinhibitory activity of ethyl acetate fraction of Acorus calamus in vitro and in vivo. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 128: 154–159.
Subathraa, K. and Poonguzhali, T.V. 2012. In vitro studies on antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities of aqueous extract of Acorus calamus L. International Journal of Current Science, 169-173.
Tariq, R.M., Naqvi, S.M.H., Chaudhary, M.I. and Abbas, A. 2010. Importance and implementation of essential oil of Pakistanian Acorus calamus Linn. as a Biopesticide. Pakistanian Journal of Botany, 42: 2043–2050.
Vaidyaratnam, P.S.1994. Varier’s Indian Medicinal Plants, 1st ed. Oriental Longman Ltd., India.
Venskutonis, P.R. and Dagilyte, A. 2003. Composition of Essential Oil of Sweet Flag (Acorus calamus L.) Leaves at Different Growing Phases.Journal of Essential Oil Research,15: 313-318.
Verghese, J. 1994. Fragrances from caryophyllene, the sesquiterpene constituent of clove oil. Pafai Journal, 16: 21–25.