بررسی وضعیت آلودگی خاک به سرب، نیکل و کادمیوم و پهنه بندی آن با استفاده از زمین آمار در اراضی زراعی جنوب تهران
محورهای موضوعی :
آلودگی خاک
یوسف رضا باقری
1
,
فاطمه مسکینی ویشکایی
2
,
رسول میرخانی
3
1 - محقق موسسه تحقیقات خاک و آب، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران. *(مسوول مکاتبات)
2 - عضو هیات علمی بخش تحقیقات خاک و آب، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خوزستان، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، اهواز، ایران.
3 - عضو هیأت علمی موسسه تحقیقات خاک و آب، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران.
تاریخ دریافت : 1395/04/02
تاریخ پذیرش : 1395/07/14
تاریخ انتشار : 1400/11/01
کلید واژه:
کریجینگ,
آلاینده‌های خاک,
وزن دهی عکس فاصله,
فاضلاب شهری,
فلزات سنگین,
چکیده مقاله :
زمینه و هدف: افزایش رشد جمعیت جهان و نیاز به تولید بیشتر از، محدودیت منابع آبی و استفاده بی رویه از آنها به ویژه در مناطق خشک و نیمه خشک و همچنین حجم عظیم فاضلاب‌های تولیدی در شهرها و لزوم دفع مناسب آن ها، ضرورت بهره‌گیری از فاضلاب را در بخش کشاورزی و تغذیه سفره‌های آب زیرزمینی افزایش داده است. کادمیم، سرب و نیکل از جمله آلایندهایی هستند که از منابع گوناگون به آب و خاک، گیاه و نهایتاً به زنجیر ه غذایی انسان و حیوانات راه می یابند. این تحقیق به منظور تعیین میزان آلودگی خاک اراضی زراعی جنوب تهران به عوامل آلاینده و پهنه بندی منطقه با استفاده از روش های زمین آمار صورت گرفت.روش بررسی: در این تحقیق در سال 1393 از حدود 2000 هکتار از اراضی زراعی در محدوده نهر فیروزآباد در جنوب تهران، تعداد 175 نمونه خاک با فواصل 300 متر انتخاب گردید. جهت پهنه بندی منطقه از دو روش کریجینگ و وزن دهی عکس فاصله (IDW) استفاده شد.یافته ها: میانگین غلظت فلزات سنگین اندازه گیری شده در منطقه مورد مطالعه به ترتیب کاهشی نیکل> سرب> کادمیوم به دست آمد. براساس استاندارهای پیشنهادی سازمان حفاظت محیط زیست ایران، 13 و 9 درصد نمونه های خاک به ترتیب آلوده به سرب و نیکل بود.بحث و نتیجه گیری: با توجه به اهمیت تعیین تغییرات نقطه ای آلودگی، روش IDW به عنوان روش مناسب جهت پهنه بندی غلظت سرب و نیکل کل در منطقه مورد مطالعه پیشنهاد می شود. بر این مبنا حدود 161 و 14 هکتار از سطح اراضی زراعی به ترتیب دارای مقادیر سرب و نیکل بیش از حد مجاز بودند.
چکیده انگلیسی:
Background and Objective: Increasing world population and need to more production, limited water resources and the indiscriminate use of them specially in arid and semi-arid regions and also the huge amount of sullage produced in cities and the necessity for proper disposal of them, increased the urgency (necessity) of using wastes in order to farming & feeding the under- ground aquifers. Cadmium, lead and nickel are such pollutants which can enter to water, soil and plant and finally to human and animals’ food chain from different resources.Material and Methodology: This Study was performed to evaluate the amount of soil contamination in the south Tehran farms and mapping the studied area using geostatistical methods. From the 2000 hectares of the agricultural farms around Firooz Abad stream in Tehran south in 2014, 175 soil samples were selected with 300 meters intervals. Two methods of mapping including kriging and Inverse distance weighting (IDW) were used.Finding: Based on mean concentration, the metals in studied area were in following decreasing order: nickel> lead> cadmium. According to the standards proposed by the environmental protection Agency of Iran, 13 and 9 % of soil samples are contaminated to total lead and nickel, respectively.Discussion and Conclusion: Due to the importance of point spatial variation of soil pollutants, the IDW method was identified as the suitable method for mapping the concentration of total lead and nickel. The total lead and nickel concentration in about 161 and 14 hectares of the agricultural lands, respectively, were more than allowed limits.
منابع و مأخذ:
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Brown, R.E., 1975. Significance of trace-metals and nitrate in sludge J. Water Pollution Control Federation, 47(12): 2863-2875.
Gaui, F., Basta., N.T., Ram., W.R., 1997. Wheat grain cadmium as a effected by long term fertilization and soil acidity. J. Environ. Qual., 26: 265-271.
M,R., 1996. Toxic metals in soil – Plant System John Wily & Sons, Inc. new York.
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Shariati, M., Sabagh Farshi, R. and ghorghani nezhad, A. 1999. Investigation of heavy metal concentrations in agricultural crops and lands south of Tehran. Technical report of Soil and Water Research Institute (In Persian)
Torabian, A. and Baghouri, E. 1997. A survey of domestic and industrial wastewater application in south Tehran agricultural land. Journal of Environmental Studies, 18: 33-46. (In Persian)
Afiuni, M., Rezaee nezhad, Y. and Khaiam bashi, B. 1998. Effect of sewage sludge on yield and absorption of heavy metals by lettuce and spinach. Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, 2(1): 19-30. (In Persian)
Mola Hosseini, H. and Baghouri, E. 2002. Investigation of severity and extent of soil contamination with heavy elements and determination of their amount in plants irrigated with sewage. Final report of Soil and Water Research Institute. (In Persian)
Mardani, G., Sadeghi, M. and Ahankoob, M. 2010. Soil Pollution along the Surface Runoff in Southern Tehran. Water and Wastewater Consulting Engineers, 21 (3): 108-113. (In Persian)
Dadgar, M., Shahsavar, A. and Yousef Zadeh, A. 2010. Investigation of cadmium changes in Absard plain of Tehran. International Conference on Plant, Water, Soil and Air Modeling, Kerman, Shahid Bahonar University. (In Persian)
Seifi, Y. and Mirzaei, R. 2017. Comparison of Spatial Interpolation Methods to Mapp Heavy Metals Concentrations in Surface Soil of Aran-O-Bidgol City. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 19(1): 131-147. (In Persian)
Rahimpour, F. and Abbaspour, R.A. 2014. Mapping Concentrations of heavy metals in soils using kriging And rbf case study: Harris Township. Geographical Data, 23: 55-67. (In Persian)
Shabani, M. 2011. Evaluation of geostatistical methods in groundwater quality maps preparation and their mapping case study: Neyriz plain, Fars province. Journal of Physical Geography, 4(13): 83-96. (In Persian)
Hani, A. and Karimi Nejad M.T. 2010. Comparison of different interpolation methods in environmental pollution estimation, a case study of South Tehran. 5th National Conference on Geology and Environment, Islamic Azad University, Islamshahr Branch. (In Persian)
Baghaie, A.H., Khademi, H. and Mohammadi, J. 2007. Geostatistical analysis of spatial variability of Lead and Nickel around two industrial factories in Isfahan province. Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, 14(2): 11-19. (In Persian)
Dayani, M., Mohammadi, J. and Naderi, M. 2010. Geostatistical analysis of Pb, Zn and Cd concentration in soil of Sepahanshahr suburb (south of Isfahan). Journal of Water and Soil (Agricultural Sciences and Technology), 23(4): 67-76.
Ghazan Shahi, J. 2006. Soil and plant analysis. Aiezh Publications, 296 pages. (In Persian)
Facchinelli, A., Sacchi, E., Mallen, L. 2001. Multivariate statistacal and GIS-based approach to identify heavy metal source in soils. Journal of Environmental Pollution, 114: 313-324.
De Temmerman, L., Vanongeval, L., Boon, W., Hoenig, M., Geypens, M. 2003. Heavy metal content of arable soils in northern Belgium. Water, Air & Soil Pollution. 148(1): 61-76.
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Farzaneh, P., Soffianian, A.R. and Moattar, f. 2011. Spatial distribution of (Ni, Cr, Pb, Cu and Co) in the surface (superficial) soil of Hamadan County with Geostatistic & GIS. Human and Environment, 9 (4): 39-48.
Martin, J.A., Arias, M.L. and Grau Corbi, J.M. 2006. Heavy metals contents in agricultural topsoils in the Ebro basin (Spain). Application of the multivariate geoestatistical methods to study spatial variations, Environmental Pollution, 144: 1001-1012.
Dayani, M., Mohammadi, J., 2010. Geostatistical assessment of Pb, Zn and Cd contamination in near-surface soils of the urban-mining transitional region of Isfahan, Iran. Pedosphere, 20: 568–577.
Parizanganeh, A., Hajisoltani, P., Zamani, A., 2010. Assessment of heavy metal pollution in surficial soils surrounding zinc industrial complex in Zanjan-Iran. Prog. Environ. Sci., 2: 162–166.
Naimi, S., Ayoubi, S., 2013. Vertical and horizontal distribution of magnetic susceptibility andmetal contents in an industrial district of central Iran. J. Appl. Geophysics, 96: 55–66.
Kabata-Pendias, A., 2001.Trace Elements in Soils and Plants, Third Edition, Talor and Fancis.
Qishlaqi, A., Moore, F., Forghani, G., 2009. Characterization of metal pollution in soils under two landuse patterns in the Angouran region, NW Iran; a study based on multivariate data analysis. J. Hazard. Mater., 172: 374-384.
Afiuni, M. 2011. Management Summary and Standard Tables for contamination and remediation in the soils of Iran. General Department of Administration for Environment Conservation and Protection of Isfahan. (In Persian)
Solgi, E., Esmaili-Sari, A., Riyahi-Bakhtiari, A., Hadipour, M., 2012. Soil contamination of metals in the three industrial estates, Arak, Iran. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol, 88: 634–638.
Esmaeili, A., Moore, F., Keshavarzi, B., Jaafarzadeh, N., Kermani, M., 2014. A geochemical survey of heavy metals in agricultural and background soils of the Isfahan industrial zone, Iran. Catena, 121: 88–98.
Zhao, Y.C.,Wang, Z.G., Sun,W.X., Huang, B., Shi, X.Z., Ji, J.F., 2010. Spatial interrelations and multi-scale sources of soil heavy metal variability in a typical urban–rural transition area in Yangtze River Delta region of China. Geoderma, 156: 216–227.
Burgos, M., , Pérez-de-Mora., A., Cabrera., F., 2006. Spatial variability of the chemical characteristics of a trace element- contaminated soil before and after remediation, Geoderma, 130: 157-175.
Abdollahi, S., Delavar, M.A. and Shekari, P. 2013. Spatial distribution mapping of Pb, Zn and Cd and soil pollution assessment in Anguran area of Zanjan province. Journal of Water and Soil, 26 (6): 1410-1420. (In Persian)
Cambardella, C.A., Moorman, T.B., Novak, J.M., Parkin, T.B., Karlen, D.L., Turco, R.F., Konopka, A.E., 1994. Field-scale variability of soil properties in central Iowa soils. Soil Science Society of American Journal, 58: 1501-1511.
Yang, Y., Jin, Z., Bi, X., Li, F., Sun, L., Liu, J., Fu, Z., 2009. Atmospheric deposition carried Pb, Zn, and Cd from a zinc smelter and their effect on soil microorganisms. Pedosphere, 4: 422–433.
Moura, M.C.S., Moita, G.C., Neto, J.M.M., 2010. Analysis and assessment of heavy metals in urban surface soils of Teresina, Piauí State, Brazil: a study based on multivariate analysis. Comunicata Scientiae, 1: 120-127.
Davis, J C., 1986 (Secound Edition), Statistics and data analysis in geology, John Wiley $Sons, New York, 405-425.
Taghizadeh Mehrjerdi, R., Zareian, M., Mahmodi, Sh., Heidari, A. 2008. Spatial distribution of groundwater quality with geostatistics (Case study: Yazd- Ardakan plain). World Applied Science Journal, 4: 9-17.
Rahsepar, S.R., Shahnazar, A., Khaledian, M.R. and Forghani, A. 2015. Study of Heavy Metals Pollution in Groundwater of Central Guilan Region and Mapping by Geostatistics. Iranian Journal of Irrigation and Drainage, 9(1): 13-21. (In Persian)
Xiangdong, L., Siu, L., Ewnzhong, S., 2004. The study of heavy metal contamination in urban soil of Hong Kong using a GIS–base approach. Environmental Pollution, 129: 113-124.
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Mico´, C., Recatala´, L., Peris, M., Sa´nchez. J., 2006. Assessing heavy metal sources in agricultural soils of an European Mediterranean area by multivariate analysis. Chemosphere, 65: 863–872.
Erfan manesh, M. and Afiuni, M. 2000. Environment pollution: water, soil and air. Arkan Esfahan publication.
Lee, C.S., Li, X., Shi, W., 2006. Metal contamination in urban, suburban, and country park soils of Hong Kong: A study based on GIS and multivariate statistics, Science of the Total Environment, 356: 45–61.
Kabata-Pendias A., Mukherjee A.B., 2007. Trace Elements from Soil to Human. Springer Verlag, Berlin,
Brown, R.E., 1975. Significance of trace-metals and nitrate in sludge J. Water Pollution Control Federation, 47(12): 2863-2875.
Gaui, F., Basta., N.T., Ram., W.R., 1997. Wheat grain cadmium as a effected by long term fertilization and soil acidity. J. Environ. Qual., 26: 265-271.
M,R., 1996. Toxic metals in soil – Plant System John Wily & Sons, Inc. new York.
Lie, D., Yongzhang., Z., Jin., M.L., Yong, C.H., Qiuming, I., Shuyun, X., Haiyan, D., Yuanhang, Y., Honguf, W., 2008. Using multivariate statistical and geostatistical methods to identify spatial variability of trace elements in agricultural soils in Dongguan city, Guangdong. Journal of China University of Geosciences, 19(4): 343-353.
Shariati, M., Sabagh Farshi, R. and ghorghani nezhad, A. 1999. Investigation of heavy metal concentrations in agricultural crops and lands south of Tehran. Technical report of Soil and Water Research Institute (In Persian)
Torabian, A. and Baghouri, E. 1997. A survey of domestic and industrial wastewater application in south Tehran agricultural land. Journal of Environmental Studies, 18: 33-46. (In Persian)
Afiuni, M., Rezaee nezhad, Y. and Khaiam bashi, B. 1998. Effect of sewage sludge on yield and absorption of heavy metals by lettuce and spinach. Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, 2(1): 19-30. (In Persian)
Mola Hosseini, H. and Baghouri, E. 2002. Investigation of severity and extent of soil contamination with heavy elements and determination of their amount in plants irrigated with sewage. Final report of Soil and Water Research Institute. (In Persian)
Mardani, G., Sadeghi, M. and Ahankoob, M. 2010. Soil Pollution along the Surface Runoff in Southern Tehran. Water and Wastewater Consulting Engineers, 21 (3): 108-113. (In Persian)
Dadgar, M., Shahsavar, A. and Yousef Zadeh, A. 2010. Investigation of cadmium changes in Absard plain of Tehran. International Conference on Plant, Water, Soil and Air Modeling, Kerman, Shahid Bahonar University. (In Persian)
Seifi, Y. and Mirzaei, R. 2017. Comparison of Spatial Interpolation Methods to Mapp Heavy Metals Concentrations in Surface Soil of Aran-O-Bidgol City. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 19(1): 131-147. (In Persian)
Rahimpour, F. and Abbaspour, R.A. 2014. Mapping Concentrations of heavy metals in soils using kriging And rbf case study: Harris Township. Geographical Data, 23: 55-67. (In Persian)
Shabani, M. 2011. Evaluation of geostatistical methods in groundwater quality maps preparation and their mapping case study: Neyriz plain, Fars province. Journal of Physical Geography, 4(13): 83-96. (In Persian)
Hani, A. and Karimi Nejad M.T. 2010. Comparison of different interpolation methods in environmental pollution estimation, a case study of South Tehran. 5th National Conference on Geology and Environment, Islamic Azad University, Islamshahr Branch. (In Persian)
Baghaie, A.H., Khademi, H. and Mohammadi, J. 2007. Geostatistical analysis of spatial variability of Lead and Nickel around two industrial factories in Isfahan province. Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, 14(2): 11-19. (In Persian)
Dayani, M., Mohammadi, J. and Naderi, M. 2010. Geostatistical analysis of Pb, Zn and Cd concentration in soil of Sepahanshahr suburb (south of Isfahan). Journal of Water and Soil (Agricultural Sciences and Technology), 23(4): 67-76.
Ghazan Shahi, J. 2006. Soil and plant analysis. Aiezh Publications, 296 pages. (In Persian)
Facchinelli, A., Sacchi, E., Mallen, L. 2001. Multivariate statistacal and GIS-based approach to identify heavy metal source in soils. Journal of Environmental Pollution, 114: 313-324.
De Temmerman, L., Vanongeval, L., Boon, W., Hoenig, M., Geypens, M. 2003. Heavy metal content of arable soils in northern Belgium. Water, Air & Soil Pollution. 148(1): 61-76.
Elhag, M., Bahrawi, J.A., 2016. Consideration of geostatistical analysis in soil pollution assessment caused by leachate breakout in the municipality of Thermi, Greece, Desalination and Water Treatment, DOI: 10.1080/19443994.2016.1168583
Farzaneh, P., Soffianian, A.R. and Moattar, f. 2011. Spatial distribution of (Ni, Cr, Pb, Cu and Co) in the surface (superficial) soil of Hamadan County with Geostatistic & GIS. Human and Environment, 9 (4): 39-48.
Martin, J.A., Arias, M.L. and Grau Corbi, J.M. 2006. Heavy metals contents in agricultural topsoils in the Ebro basin (Spain). Application of the multivariate geoestatistical methods to study spatial variations, Environmental Pollution, 144: 1001-1012.
Dayani, M., Mohammadi, J., 2010. Geostatistical assessment of Pb, Zn and Cd contamination in near-surface soils of the urban-mining transitional region of Isfahan, Iran. Pedosphere, 20: 568–577.
Parizanganeh, A., Hajisoltani, P., Zamani, A., 2010. Assessment of heavy metal pollution in surficial soils surrounding zinc industrial complex in Zanjan-Iran. Prog. Environ. Sci., 2: 162–166.
Naimi, S., Ayoubi, S., 2013. Vertical and horizontal distribution of magnetic susceptibility andmetal contents in an industrial district of central Iran. J. Appl. Geophysics, 96: 55–66.
Kabata-Pendias, A., 2001.Trace Elements in Soils and Plants, Third Edition, Talor and Fancis.
Qishlaqi, A., Moore, F., Forghani, G., 2009. Characterization of metal pollution in soils under two landuse patterns in the Angouran region, NW Iran; a study based on multivariate data analysis. J. Hazard. Mater., 172: 374-384.
Afiuni, M. 2011. Management Summary and Standard Tables for contamination and remediation in the soils of Iran. General Department of Administration for Environment Conservation and Protection of Isfahan. (In Persian)
Solgi, E., Esmaili-Sari, A., Riyahi-Bakhtiari, A., Hadipour, M., 2012. Soil contamination of metals in the three industrial estates, Arak, Iran. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol, 88: 634–638.
Esmaeili, A., Moore, F., Keshavarzi, B., Jaafarzadeh, N., Kermani, M., 2014. A geochemical survey of heavy metals in agricultural and background soils of the Isfahan industrial zone, Iran. Catena, 121: 88–98.
Zhao, Y.C.,Wang, Z.G., Sun,W.X., Huang, B., Shi, X.Z., Ji, J.F., 2010. Spatial interrelations and multi-scale sources of soil heavy metal variability in a typical urban–rural transition area in Yangtze River Delta region of China. Geoderma, 156: 216–227.
Burgos, M., , Pérez-de-Mora., A., Cabrera., F., 2006. Spatial variability of the chemical characteristics of a trace element- contaminated soil before and after remediation, Geoderma, 130: 157-175.
Abdollahi, S., Delavar, M.A. and Shekari, P. 2013. Spatial distribution mapping of Pb, Zn and Cd and soil pollution assessment in Anguran area of Zanjan province. Journal of Water and Soil, 26 (6): 1410-1420. (In Persian)
Cambardella, C.A., Moorman, T.B., Novak, J.M., Parkin, T.B., Karlen, D.L., Turco, R.F., Konopka, A.E., 1994. Field-scale variability of soil properties in central Iowa soils. Soil Science Society of American Journal, 58: 1501-1511.
Yang, Y., Jin, Z., Bi, X., Li, F., Sun, L., Liu, J., Fu, Z., 2009. Atmospheric deposition carried Pb, Zn, and Cd from a zinc smelter and their effect on soil microorganisms. Pedosphere, 4: 422–433.
Moura, M.C.S., Moita, G.C., Neto, J.M.M., 2010. Analysis and assessment of heavy metals in urban surface soils of Teresina, Piauí State, Brazil: a study based on multivariate analysis. Comunicata Scientiae, 1: 120-127.
Davis, J C., 1986 (Secound Edition), Statistics and data analysis in geology, John Wiley $Sons, New York, 405-425.
Taghizadeh Mehrjerdi, R., Zareian, M., Mahmodi, Sh., Heidari, A. 2008. Spatial distribution of groundwater quality with geostatistics (Case study: Yazd- Ardakan plain). World Applied Science Journal, 4: 9-17.
Rahsepar, S.R., Shahnazar, A., Khaledian, M.R. and Forghani, A. 2015. Study of Heavy Metals Pollution in Groundwater of Central Guilan Region and Mapping by Geostatistics. Iranian Journal of Irrigation and Drainage, 9(1): 13-21. (In Persian)
Xiangdong, L., Siu, L., Ewnzhong, S., 2004. The study of heavy metal contamination in urban soil of Hong Kong using a GIS–base approach. Environmental Pollution, 129: 113-124.
