بررسی آبشویی و ارزیابی حساسیت چند گونه گیاهی به آترازین با استفاده از روش‌های زیست‌سنجی و تجزیه شیمیایی
محورهای موضوعی :
آلودگی خاک
مرتضی رمضانپور
1
(دانشجوی دکتری علوم علف‌های هرز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد قائمشهر.)
حمید صالحیان
2
(استادیار گروه زراعت، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد قائمشهر.* (مسوول مکاتبات))
اسماعیل بابانژاد
3
(استادیار گروه بهداشت، دانشکده بهداشت دانشگاه علوم پزشکی و خدمات بهداشتی درمانی مازندران.)
محمد رضوانی
4
(دانشیار گروه زراعت، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد قائمشهر.)
تاریخ دریافت : 1399/06/11
تاریخ پذیرش : 1400/03/11
تاریخ انتشار : 1400/08/01
کلید واژه:
زیست سنجی,
آترازین,
آبشویی,
تجزیه شیمیایی,
چکیده مقاله :
زمینه و هدف: آترازین یکی از مهم ترین علف کش های مورد استفاده در ایران و جهان است که ضمن برخورداری از پایداری بالا، احتمال آلودگی آب های زیرزمینی و رواناب را به دنبال دارد. هدف از این آزمایش تعیین حساسترین گونه از بین هشت گونه گیاهی به آترازین و اندازه گیری حد آبشویی این علف کش بود.روش بررسی: آزمایش اول در سال 1398 به منظور ارزیابی حساسیت هشت گونه گیاهی (کلزا، سویا، چچم، یولاف، گندم، علف قناری، تاج خروس و گندم) به بقایای آترازین با استفاده از شاخص GR50 ( دز مورد نیاز علف کش برای کاهش 50% ی رشد گیاه) انجام شد. آزمایش دوم نیز به منظور تعیین حد آبشویی علف کش آترازین انجام گرفت. سطوح تیمار علف کش آترازین عبارت بودند از شاهد (عدم کاربرد)، سطح معمول (25/1 کیلوگرم در هکتار) و بالا (5/2 کیلوگرم در هکتار). تیمارهای یاد شده به ستون های خاک واقع در لوله های PVC به ارتفاع 32 سانتی متر تزریق شدند. بعد از گذشت سه روز خاک هر قطعه دو سانتی متری از ستون لوله جدا و هم زمان در معرض آزمون زیست سنجی و تجزیه شیمیایی قرار گرفتند. در آزمایش اول از تجزیه رگرسیون پروبیت برای تشخیص حساسترین گونه به آترازین و در آزمایش دوم نیز با طرح پایه کاملا تصادفی از تجزیه واریانس داده ها استفاده شد.یافته ها: آزمایش اول نشان داد که کلزا نسبت به سایر گونه ها حساسیت بیشتری به آترازین دارد. بررسی پروفیل توام تغییرات وزن گیاهچه کلزا و غلظت آترازین در اعماق مختلف خاک نشان داد که علف کش آترازین تا عمق 10 سانتی متری خاک نفوذ کرده است.بحث و نتیجه گیری: به نظر می رسد تجمع آترازین تا عمق 10 سانتی متری به دلایلی چون مقدار ماده آلی و درصد رس بیشتر در این لایه می باشد. با توجه به حداکثر بانک بذور علف های هرز در مزرعه مورد آزمایش در لایه های سطحی خاک، استفاده از علف کش آترازین در این قطعه آزمایشی می تواند کارایی کنترل علف های هرز را افزایش دهد.
چکیده انگلیسی:
Background and Objective: Atrazine is one of the most important herbicides in the world and Iran, which has high stability and is likely to contaminate runoff and groundwater resources. The aim of this experiment was to determine the most sensitive of the eight plant species to atrazine and to measure the leaching front of this herbicide.Material and Methodology: The first experiment did in order to sensitivity assessment of eight plant species (Canola, Soybean, Ryegrass, Wild Oat, Wheat, Canarygrass, Redroot Pigweed, and Corn) to simulated atrazine residues by GR50 index (the required dose of herbicide to reduce plant growth by 50% ) at 2019. The second experiment was conducted to determine leaching front of atrazine. Levels of atrazine treatments were: control, usual dose (1.25 kg.h-1) and high dose (2.5 kg.h-1). The treatments were injected into soil columns in 32 cm height PVC pipes and after three days, all 2 cm pieces of soil columns were exposed to bioassay and chemical analysis, simultaneously.In the first experiment probit regression analysis was used to identify the most atrazine-sensitive species and in second experiment with completely randomized basic design the data were investigated by regression analysis.Findings: First experiment showed that canola was more susceptible to atrazine compared to other species. Evaluation of canola seedling weight profile and atrazine concentration simultaneously at different depths of soil showed that atrazine penetrated to 10 cm depth.Discussion and Conclusion: It seems that atrazine accumulation to 10 cm depth is related to higher organic matter and clay content. Due to the fact that the maximum weed seed bank was located in the surface layers of the soil, application of atrazine herbicide in this field can increase the efficiency of weed control.
منابع و مأخذ:
Strek, H. J. 2005. The science of deposits soil residual herbicides in Canada. In: Soil residual herbicides: Science and Management, pp. 31-44.ed. R.C. Van Acker. Topics in Canadian Weed Science, Volume 3.Sainte. Anne-de Bellevue, Quebec.
Riaz, M. M., Jamil, N. and Mahmood, T. Z. 2007.Yield and yield components of maize as affected by various weed control methods under rain-fed conditions of Pakistan. International Journal Agriculture Biology, 9:152-159.
Robert, M. Z., Weaver, R. M. A. and Martin, L. A. 2006. Microbial adaptation for accelerated atrazine mineralization/degradation in Mississippi Delta soils. Weed Science, 54:538-547.
Zand, E., Nezamabadi, M. A., Baghestani, M. A., Shimi, P. and Mousavi, S. K. 2019. A Guide to Chemical Control of Weeds in Iran. Mashhad Daneshgahi Jahad Publication. 216 p.
Williams, M. M., Boerboom, C. M. and Rabaey, T. L. 2010. Significance of atrazine in sweet corn weed management systems. Weed Technology, 2:139-142.
Mueller, K., Smith, R. E., James, T. K., Holland, P. T. and Rahman, A. 2003. Prediction of field atrazine persistence in an allophonic soil with Opuse2. Pest Management Science, 60:447-458.
Santin-Montanya, I., Alonso-Prados, J. L., Villarroya, M. and Garcia-Baudin, J. M. 2006. Bioassay for determining sensitivity to sulfosufuron on seven plant species. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, 41:781-793.
Walsh, M. J., Stratford, K., Stone, K. and Powles, S. B. 2012. Synergistic effects of atrazine and mesotrione on susceptible and resistant wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum) populations and the potential for overcoming resistance to triazine herbicides. Weed Technology, 2:341- 347.
Ghassam, A. H., Alizadeh, M., Bihamta, R. and Ashrafi, T. 2010. Bioassay to use herbicide residue in corn using Cress (Lepidium sativum) as sensitive plant. 3rd Iranian Weed Science Congress. Babolsar. 17-18 February.
Jettner, R. J., Walker, S. R., Churchett, J. D., Blamey, F. P. C., Adkins, S. W. and Bell, K. 1999. Plant sensitivity to atrazine and chlosulfuron residues in a soil-free system. Weed Research, 39:287-295.
Chopra, I., Kumari, B. and Sharma, S. K. 2010. Evaluation of leaching behavior of pendimethalin in sandy loam soil. Environmental Monitoring Assessment, 160:123-126.
Mudhoo, A. and Garg, V. K. 2011. Sorption, transport and transformation of atrazine in soils, minerals and composts: a review. Pedosphere, 1:11-25.
Konda, L. N. and Pasztor, Z. 2001. Environmental distribution of acetochlor, atrazine, chlorpyrifos and propischlor under field conditions. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 49:3859-3863.
Anderson, S.G.R. and Corke, C.T. 1980. Atrazine and cyanazine activity in Ontario and Manitoba soils. Canadian Journal Soil Science, 60:773-781.
Olivera, R. S., Koskinen, W. C. and Ferrreira, F. A. 2001. Sorption and leaching potential of herbicides in Brazilian soils. Weed Research, 41:97-110.
Khalil, Y., Siddique, K. H. M., Ward, P., Piggin, C., How Bong, S., Nambiar, R., Trengove, R. and Flower, K. 2018. A bioassay for prosulfocarb, pyroxasulfone and trifluralin detection and quantification in soil and crop residues. Crop and Pasture Science, 6:606-616.
Mueller, T. C. and Senseman, S. A. 2015. Methods related to herbicide dissipation or degradation under field or laboratory conditions. Weed Science, Special Issue: 133-139.
Shimabuku, R. A., Ratsch, H. C., Wise, C. M., Nwosu, J. U. and Kapustka, L. A.1991. A new plant life cycle bioassay for assessment of the effects of toxic chemicals using rapid cycling brassica. In: Plants for Toxicity Assessment, pp.365-375.ed. J.W. Gorsuch, W.R .Lower, W.Wang and M .A. Lewis. Second Volume, ASTM STP 1115. Philadelphia, PA American Society for Testing and Materials.
Zand, E., Mousavi, S. K. and Heidari, A. 2014. Herbicides and their Application.2nd Edition by Fundamental Changes. Mashhad Daneshgahi Jahad Publication. 547 p.
Van Wyk, L. J. and Reinhardt, C.F. 2001. A bioassay technique detects Imazethapyr leaching and liming-dependent activity. Weed Research, 15:1-6.
Forouzangohar, M., Hagnia, G. H. and Koocheki, A. 2005. Organic amendment to enhance atrazine and metamitron degradation in two contaminated soils with contrasting textures. Soil Science Contamination, 14:245-355.
Halloway, K. I., Kookana, R. S., Noy, D. M., Smith, J. G. and Wilhelm, N. 2006. Crop damage caused by residual acetolactate synthase herbicides in the soils of south-eastern Australia. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 46:1323-1331.
Izadi, E., Rashed Mohassel, M. H. and Zand, E. 2011. Evaluation of crops sensitivity to atrazine soil residue. Journal of Plant Protection, 6:995-1001. (Persian).
Peyvastegan, S. and Frahbakhsh, F. 2011.The residual effects of different doses of Atrazine+Alachlor and foramsulfuron on the growth and physiology of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.).International Journal of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, 5:88-93.
Walker, A., Briggs, G. G., Greaves, M. P., Hance, R. J. and Thompson, A. R. 1982. Herbicides in soil. In: Weed Control Handbook, 533 pp. ed. H. A. Roberts. Principles. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.
Shikkema, P. H. and Lambregts, J. L. 1995. Tolerance of pea to imazethapyr and metolachlor. Regetown College of Agricultural Technology, weed control studies. Annual Report . Pages 268-269.
Kalaichelvi, K. 2015. Leaching behavior of atrazine and metribuzin in different soil types. Indian Journal of Weed Science, 47:101-102.
Sondhia, S.2007. Evaluation of leaching potential of pendimethalin clay-loam soil. Pesticide Research Journal, 19:119-121.
Reinhardt, C. F. and Nel, P. C. 1993. Quantitative bioassays for monitoring the dissipation of atrazine in soil. South African Journal of Plant and Soil, 2:58-62.
Dreor, I., Kliger, I., Laufer, A., Hadas, A., Rosso, S. and Taron, B.1999a. Behavior of pesticide atrazine and terbutylazine in an irrigated field: I. Persistence dissipation and redistribution. Agrochemica, 5-6:257-266.
Muller, K., Magesan, G. N. and Bolan, N. S.2007. A critical review of the influence of effluent irrigation on the fate pesticides in soil. Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment, 120:93-116.
Habibian, L. 2013.Weed seed bank dynamic in a rotation crop. MSc thesis. Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr Branch.
_||_
Strek, H. J. 2005. The science of deposits soil residual herbicides in Canada. In: Soil residual herbicides: Science and Management, pp. 31-44.ed. R.C. Van Acker. Topics in Canadian Weed Science, Volume 3.Sainte. Anne-de Bellevue, Quebec.
Riaz, M. M., Jamil, N. and Mahmood, T. Z. 2007.Yield and yield components of maize as affected by various weed control methods under rain-fed conditions of Pakistan. International Journal Agriculture Biology, 9:152-159.
Robert, M. Z., Weaver, R. M. A. and Martin, L. A. 2006. Microbial adaptation for accelerated atrazine mineralization/degradation in Mississippi Delta soils. Weed Science, 54:538-547.
Zand, E., Nezamabadi, M. A., Baghestani, M. A., Shimi, P. and Mousavi, S. K. 2019. A Guide to Chemical Control of Weeds in Iran. Mashhad Daneshgahi Jahad Publication. 216 p.
Williams, M. M., Boerboom, C. M. and Rabaey, T. L. 2010. Significance of atrazine in sweet corn weed management systems. Weed Technology, 2:139-142.
Mueller, K., Smith, R. E., James, T. K., Holland, P. T. and Rahman, A. 2003. Prediction of field atrazine persistence in an allophonic soil with Opuse2. Pest Management Science, 60:447-458.
Santin-Montanya, I., Alonso-Prados, J. L., Villarroya, M. and Garcia-Baudin, J. M. 2006. Bioassay for determining sensitivity to sulfosufuron on seven plant species. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, 41:781-793.
Walsh, M. J., Stratford, K., Stone, K. and Powles, S. B. 2012. Synergistic effects of atrazine and mesotrione on susceptible and resistant wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum) populations and the potential for overcoming resistance to triazine herbicides. Weed Technology, 2:341- 347.
Ghassam, A. H., Alizadeh, M., Bihamta, R. and Ashrafi, T. 2010. Bioassay to use herbicide residue in corn using Cress (Lepidium sativum) as sensitive plant. 3rd Iranian Weed Science Congress. Babolsar. 17-18 February.
Jettner, R. J., Walker, S. R., Churchett, J. D., Blamey, F. P. C., Adkins, S. W. and Bell, K. 1999. Plant sensitivity to atrazine and chlosulfuron residues in a soil-free system. Weed Research, 39:287-295.
Chopra, I., Kumari, B. and Sharma, S. K. 2010. Evaluation of leaching behavior of pendimethalin in sandy loam soil. Environmental Monitoring Assessment, 160:123-126.
Mudhoo, A. and Garg, V. K. 2011. Sorption, transport and transformation of atrazine in soils, minerals and composts: a review. Pedosphere, 1:11-25.
Konda, L. N. and Pasztor, Z. 2001. Environmental distribution of acetochlor, atrazine, chlorpyrifos and propischlor under field conditions. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 49:3859-3863.
Anderson, S.G.R. and Corke, C.T. 1980. Atrazine and cyanazine activity in Ontario and Manitoba soils. Canadian Journal Soil Science, 60:773-781.
Olivera, R. S., Koskinen, W. C. and Ferrreira, F. A. 2001. Sorption and leaching potential of herbicides in Brazilian soils. Weed Research, 41:97-110.
Khalil, Y., Siddique, K. H. M., Ward, P., Piggin, C., How Bong, S., Nambiar, R., Trengove, R. and Flower, K. 2018. A bioassay for prosulfocarb, pyroxasulfone and trifluralin detection and quantification in soil and crop residues. Crop and Pasture Science, 6:606-616.
Mueller, T. C. and Senseman, S. A. 2015. Methods related to herbicide dissipation or degradation under field or laboratory conditions. Weed Science, Special Issue: 133-139.
Shimabuku, R. A., Ratsch, H. C., Wise, C. M., Nwosu, J. U. and Kapustka, L. A.1991. A new plant life cycle bioassay for assessment of the effects of toxic chemicals using rapid cycling brassica. In: Plants for Toxicity Assessment, pp.365-375.ed. J.W. Gorsuch, W.R .Lower, W.Wang and M .A. Lewis. Second Volume, ASTM STP 1115. Philadelphia, PA American Society for Testing and Materials.
Zand, E., Mousavi, S. K. and Heidari, A. 2014. Herbicides and their Application.2nd Edition by Fundamental Changes. Mashhad Daneshgahi Jahad Publication. 547 p.
Van Wyk, L. J. and Reinhardt, C.F. 2001. A bioassay technique detects Imazethapyr leaching and liming-dependent activity. Weed Research, 15:1-6.
Forouzangohar, M., Hagnia, G. H. and Koocheki, A. 2005. Organic amendment to enhance atrazine and metamitron degradation in two contaminated soils with contrasting textures. Soil Science Contamination, 14:245-355.
Halloway, K. I., Kookana, R. S., Noy, D. M., Smith, J. G. and Wilhelm, N. 2006. Crop damage caused by residual acetolactate synthase herbicides in the soils of south-eastern Australia. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 46:1323-1331.
Izadi, E., Rashed Mohassel, M. H. and Zand, E. 2011. Evaluation of crops sensitivity to atrazine soil residue. Journal of Plant Protection, 6:995-1001. (Persian).
Peyvastegan, S. and Frahbakhsh, F. 2011.The residual effects of different doses of Atrazine+Alachlor and foramsulfuron on the growth and physiology of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.).International Journal of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, 5:88-93.
Walker, A., Briggs, G. G., Greaves, M. P., Hance, R. J. and Thompson, A. R. 1982. Herbicides in soil. In: Weed Control Handbook, 533 pp. ed. H. A. Roberts. Principles. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.
Shikkema, P. H. and Lambregts, J. L. 1995. Tolerance of pea to imazethapyr and metolachlor. Regetown College of Agricultural Technology, weed control studies. Annual Report . Pages 268-269.
Kalaichelvi, K. 2015. Leaching behavior of atrazine and metribuzin in different soil types. Indian Journal of Weed Science, 47:101-102.
Sondhia, S.2007. Evaluation of leaching potential of pendimethalin clay-loam soil. Pesticide Research Journal, 19:119-121.
Reinhardt, C. F. and Nel, P. C. 1993. Quantitative bioassays for monitoring the dissipation of atrazine in soil. South African Journal of Plant and Soil, 2:58-62.
Dreor, I., Kliger, I., Laufer, A., Hadas, A., Rosso, S. and Taron, B.1999a. Behavior of pesticide atrazine and terbutylazine in an irrigated field: I. Persistence dissipation and redistribution. Agrochemica, 5-6:257-266.
Muller, K., Magesan, G. N. and Bolan, N. S.2007. A critical review of the influence of effluent irrigation on the fate pesticides in soil. Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment, 120:93-116.
Habibian, L. 2013.Weed seed bank dynamic in a rotation crop. MSc thesis. Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr Branch.
