تحلیل ملاحظات و چالشهای حقوقی مدیریت بازیافت پساب
محورهای موضوعی : حقوق محیط زیستحسین شاکری 1 , مصطفی تیزقدم غازانی 2 , زهرا شاکری 3
1 - کاندیدای دکتری مهندسی محیط زیست- مهندسی آب و فاضلاب، دانشکده مهندسی عمران، آب و محیط زیست، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران
2 - استادیار گروه مهندسی آب و فاضلاب، دانشکده مهندسی عمران، آب و محیط زیست، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران.
3 - استادیار گروه حقوق خصوصی، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران. *(مسئول مکاتبات)
کلید واژه: ملاحظات فقهی و حقوقی, حقوق محیط زیست, بازیافت پساب,
چکیده مقاله :
بازیافت پساب یکی از ابزارهای مهم در زمینه مدیریت منابع آب و حفظ محیط زیست تلقی میشود که نیاز به استفاده از آن با عنایت به افزایش جمعیت، روز به روز بیشتر برجسته میشود. این امر از جنبههای مختلفی قابل بررسی است و علاوه بر جنبههای بهداشتی و فنی از ابعاد حقوقی متنوعی نیز برخوردار است که اثرات مستقیم و غیرمستقیم بر مدیریت پسابها گذاشته و موجب پیچیدگی در ارائـه الگـوی استفاده از این منابع تجدیدپذیر میشوند. مسئله اصلی آن است که بازیافت پساب که ممکن است مخاطراتی را برای سلامت عمومی و محیط زیست به همراه داشته باشد، برچه اصول حقوقی مبتنی است؟ و در صورتی که بازیافت به ایجاد خسارت به مردم و محیط زیست بینجامد مسئولیت مدنی مربوطه چگونه و بر چه اساسی تبیین میشود؟ آیا این مسئولیت مبتنی بر تقصیر است؟ یا باید از نظامهای مدرن مسئولیت محض یا مطلق در این زمینه بهره برد؟ پژوهش حاضر با روش تحلیلیتوصیفی و مبتنی بر فرایند کتابخانهای تلاش میکند به بررسی برخی از مهمترین ملاحظات فقهی و حقوقی ناشی از بازیافت پساب بپردازد و سرانجام نتیجهگیری میکند که بازیافت باید با رعایت اصل احتیاط و لاضرر صورت پذیرد. اما اگر به خسارات منجر شد نظام مبتنی بر تقصیر به جهت دشواریهای که در مراحل اثبات دارد، نمیتواند خسارات زیاندیده را جبران نماید. لذا استفاده از نظام مسئولیت محض/ مطلق و نیز ترویج بیمههای تخصصی در این خصوص پیشنهاد میشود.
Wastewater reuse is considered as one of the important tools in the field of water resources management and environmental protection, the need to use it with increasing population is becoming more prominent day by day. This can be examined from different aspects and in addition to health and technical aspects, it also has various legal aspects that have direct and indirect effects on wastewater management and complicate the presentation of the pattern of use of these renewable resources. The main issue is that wastewater reuse, which may pose risks to public health and the environment, is based on legal principles? And if the reuse leads to hazard to people and the environment, how and on what basis is the relevant civil liability explained? Is this liability based on fault? Or should modern systems use pure or absolute responsibility in this regard? The current study tries to examine some of the most important jurisprudential and legal considerations arising from wastewater reuse with an analytical-descriptive method and based on the library process, and finally concludes that the reuse should be done with the principle of precaution and harmlessness. But if it leads to damages, the fault-based system cannot compensate for the damages due to the difficulties it has in the proof process. Therefore, the use of pure / absolute liability system and the promotion of specialized insurance in this regard are recommended.
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- Mousavi SF. 2013. International Environmental Law. second ed. Tehran: Mizan publishing, pp. 374. (In Persian)
- Mohammadzadeh A. 2015. The precautionary principle in agri-food law and environmental law. Law Quarterly. Vol. 45(3), pp. 471-86. (In Persian)
- Paserh F, Borghei SM, Hosseini SN, Javid A. 2017. Effective removal of phosphorus from sewage using a modified biological method. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. Vol. 19(4), pp. 1-13. (In Persian)
- Molaei A. 2009. Foundations and principles of sustainable environmental development in the constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Environmental Law Collection, Theories and Procedures. First ed. Tehran: Law Office and Parliamentary Assembly of the Environmental Protection Agency, pp. 410. (In Persian)
- Mousavi SF, Hosseini SH, Mousavi far SH. 2015. Principles of International Environmental Law in Light of International Case Law. Public Law Researsh. Vol. 17(48), pp. 9-25. (In Persian)
- Fahimi A, Arabzadeh A. 2012. Jurisprudential Basics The law of Environment. Scientific Journal Management System. Vol. 13(35), pp. 189-206. (In Persian)
- Najafi MH. 2004. Javaher Alkalam fe Sharh Share’e Islam. Tehran: Dare Elektb al-Islamiyya Publication. Vol. 27, pp. 46-47. (In Persian)
- Katouzian N. 2008. Out-of-contract requirements, Civil liability, General rules. Eighth ed. Tehran: Tehran University Press. Vol. 1, pp. 146-147. (In Persian)
- Bahrami Ahmadi H, Fahimi A. 2012. Foundation of Environment Civil Responsibility in Islamic Jurisprudence and Iranian Law. Scientific Journal Management System. Vol. 8(26), pp. 121-50. (In Persian)
- Emam dadi A, Saghafi M. 2016. Basis of keeping nature law by effects of jural rules. Environmental Law. Vol. 1(1), pp. 40-55. (In Persian)
- Ghasemi N, Heidari F. 2011. The study of civil liability arising from envaimental damage. Public Law Researsh. Vol. 13(34), pp. 377-400. (In Persian)
- Katouzian N, Ansari M. 2008. Liability for environmental damage. Law Quarterly. Vol. 38(2), pp. 285-313. (In Persian)
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- Fawell J, Fewtrell L, Hydes O, Wyn-Jones P, Watkins J. 2004. Framework for Developing Water Reuse Criteria with Reference to Drinking Water Supplies. UK Water Industry Research Limited.
- Vice Presidency for Strategic Planning and Supervision of Islamic Republic of Iran. 2010. Environmental Criteria of Treated Waste Water and Return Flow Reuse. Office of Deputy for Strategic Supervision, Ministry of Energy of Islamic Republic of Iran. (In Persian)
- Ganoulis J. 2005. Integrated Risk Analysis for Sustainable Water Resources Management. Comparative Risk Assessment and Environmental Decision Making, Springer, pp. 275-86.
- Meneses M, Pasqualino JC, Castells F. 2010. Environmental assessment of urban wastewater reuse: treatment alternatives and applications. Chemosphere, Vol. 81(2), pp. 266-72.
- Drechsel P, Mahjoub O, Keraita B. 2015. Social and Cultural Dimensions in Wastewater Use. Wastewater, Springer, pp. 75-92.
- Yi L, Jiao W, Chen X, Chen W. 2011. An overview of reclaimed water reuse in China. Journal of Environmental Sciences. Vol. 23(10), pp. 1585-93.
- Haase PH, Zhao J, Wang S, Godavitarne C. 2011. Guide for Wastewater Management in Rural Villages in Chin .
- Peasey A, Blumenthal U, Mara D, Ruiz-Palacios G. 2000. A review of policy and standards for wastewater reuse in agriculture: a Latin American perspective. WELL study, Task, pp 68.
- Khamenei A. 2018. Judgment (Fatwa): The Official Website of Ayatollah Khamenei. Available from: www.farsi.khamenei.ir/treatise-content?id=11&tid=-1. (In Persian)
- Makarem Shirazi N. 2018. Judgment (Fatwa): The Official Website of Ayatollah Makarem Shirazi. Available from: www.makarem.ir/main.aspx?typeinfo=21&lid=0&catid=0&mid=25502. (In Persian)
- Hashemi Shahroudi M. 2018. Judgment (Fatwa): The Official Website of Ayatollah Hashemi Shahroudi. Available from: www.hashemishahroudi.org/fa/questions/6. (In Persian)
- Islamic Parliament Research Center of The Islamic Republic of IRAN. 2016. The Law on the Development and Optimization of Urban and Rural Drinking Water in the Country: The Official Website of Islamic Parliament Research Center of The Islamic Republic of IRAN. Available from: http://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/961875. (In Persian)
- Ramazani Ghavam Abadi MH. 2013. A Comparative Study of “Precautionary Principle” in Opinions and Decisions of Internationals Tribunals. Public Law Researsh. Vol. 15(40), pp. 141-64. (In Persian)
- Mousavi SF. 2013. International Environmental Law. second ed. Tehran: Mizan publishing, pp. 374. (In Persian)
- Mohammadzadeh A. 2015. The precautionary principle in agri-food law and environmental law. Law Quarterly. Vol. 45(3), pp. 471-86. (In Persian)
- Paserh F, Borghei SM, Hosseini SN, Javid A. 2017. Effective removal of phosphorus from sewage using a modified biological method. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. Vol. 19(4), pp. 1-13. (In Persian)
- Molaei A. 2009. Foundations and principles of sustainable environmental development in the constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Environmental Law Collection, Theories and Procedures. First ed. Tehran: Law Office and Parliamentary Assembly of the Environmental Protection Agency, pp. 410. (In Persian)
- Mousavi SF, Hosseini SH, Mousavi far SH. 2015. Principles of International Environmental Law in Light of International Case Law. Public Law Researsh. Vol. 17(48), pp. 9-25. (In Persian)
- Fahimi A, Arabzadeh A. 2012. Jurisprudential Basics The law of Environment. Scientific Journal Management System. Vol. 13(35), pp. 189-206. (In Persian)
- Najafi MH. 2004. Javaher Alkalam fe Sharh Share’e Islam. Tehran: Dare Elektb al-Islamiyya Publication. Vol. 27, pp. 46-47. (In Persian)
- Katouzian N. 2008. Out-of-contract requirements, Civil liability, General rules. Eighth ed. Tehran: Tehran University Press. Vol. 1, pp. 146-147. (In Persian)
- Bahrami Ahmadi H, Fahimi A. 2012. Foundation of Environment Civil Responsibility in Islamic Jurisprudence and Iranian Law. Scientific Journal Management System. Vol. 8(26), pp. 121-50. (In Persian)
- Emam dadi A, Saghafi M. 2016. Basis of keeping nature law by effects of jural rules. Environmental Law. Vol. 1(1), pp. 40-55. (In Persian)
- Ghasemi N, Heidari F. 2011. The study of civil liability arising from envaimental damage. Public Law Researsh. Vol. 13(34), pp. 377-400. (In Persian)
- Katouzian N, Ansari M. 2008. Liability for environmental damage. Law Quarterly. Vol. 38(2), pp. 285-313. (In Persian)
- Rahpeyk H. 2011. Law of civil liability and compensation. second ed. Khorsandi publishing. pp. 42-43. (In Persian)