تحلیلی بر مسئولیت مدنی زیست محیطی ناشی از استخراج گری ارزهای رمزنگاری شده
محورهای موضوعی :
حقوق محیط زیست
مهدی مددی
1
,
محسن قائمی خرق
2
1 - کارشناسی ارشد حقوق خصوصی دانشگاه کاشان. *(مسوول مکاتبات)
2 - دکتری حقوق عمومی دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی.
تاریخ دریافت : 1398/08/18
تاریخ پذیرش : 1398/11/16
تاریخ انتشار : 1400/04/01
کلید واژه:
مسئولیت مدنی زیست‌محیطی,
حقوق مسئولیت,
ارزهای رمزنگاری شده,
استخراج رمزارز,
چکیده مقاله :
استخراجگری ارزهای رمزنگاری شده از مسائل نوظهور مهمی است که به علت سود سرشار توجه بسیاری از افراد را به خود جلب نموده است، اما این سود سرشار برای استخراجگران، در حال تبدیل‌شدن به یک چالش زیست‌محیطی برای کره زمین است. چراکه استخراجگری ارزهای رمزنگاری شده - علی‌الخصوص بیت‌کوین - نیازمند مصرف نسبتاً بالایی از انرژی و برق می باشد و در نهایت افزایش تقاضای برق سبب افزایش انتشار گازهای گلخانه ای می گردد که می تواند به گرم‌شدن دو درجه ای زمین منتهی گردد. اثر حاضر در کنار نسبت سنجی معادله "زیست محیط" و "اقتصاد ناشی از استخراج ارزهای رمزنگاری شده"، ضمن ارائه پیشنهادهایی در جهت استفاده از روش های استخراجگری همسو با محیط‌زیست، به بررسی مسئولیت مدنی استخراجگران این قبیل ارزها پرداخته است. رکن انتاجی پژوهش مزبور آن است که اولاً استخراجگری ارزهای رمزنگاری شده اگرچه دارای ضرر می‌باشد لکن ضرر مزبور مستقیماً از عمل استخراج ناشی نمی‌گردد بلکه این ضرر از نحوه تولید انرژی برق ناشی گردیده و مسئولیت ناشی از آلودگی محیطی زیستی متوجه تولیدکنندگان برق می‌باشد بااین‌حال اما عدالت اقتصادی اقتضای آن را دارد که استخراجگران ضرر ناشی از سودجویی خود را متقبل گردیده و سعی بر جبران داشته باشند (من له الغنم فعلیه الغرم)؛ باتوجه‌به پیچیدگی های موجود محیط زیستی روش پرداخت غرامت با واقعیت هم خوانی بیشتری دارد.
چکیده انگلیسی:
Mining of cryptocurrencies is one of the important phenomenon attracting the attention of a great number of people due to its tremendous profit; however, the said profit for a limited number of people is turning into a challenge for the planet earth. As a result, an increase in the power demand causes an increase in the greenhouse gas emission and eventually leads to two degrees of global warming.This is a library research using the inductive-deductive method. Beside reviewing the equation ratio of “environment” and “economy resulted from Mining cryptocurrency”, this research suggests some strategies for prevention of the said problems and reviews the civil liability of Mining of such currencies. It is concluded that the Mining should bear the consequences of their profitability based on the theories of “No-Damage” and “Risk” and they should try to compensate the damages. Taking into account the existing complex situation of the environment, the method of compensating the damages is in line with the reality.
منابع و مأخذ:
Edwards, John (2019) “Bitcoin's Price History” https://www.investopedia.com/articles/forex/121815/bitcoins-price-history.asp
Eyal I., sirer E.G (2014) “majority is not enough: bitcoin mining is vulnerable” Financial cryptography and data security. Vol 8437, pp 436-454
Ankalkoti, p. & Santhosh S G (2017) “A Relative Study on Bitcoin Mining” "Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-3, Issue-5
Fortney, L. (2019) “Bitcoin Mining, Explained” https://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/bitcoin-mining.asp
Aki, j. (2019) “Bitcoin Mining and the Struggle for Environmental Sustainability” https://insidebitcoins.com/news/bitcoin-mining-and-the-struggle-for-environmental-sustainability/233141
Mora, C. Randi L. Rollins, Katie Taladay, Michael B. Kantar, Mason K. Chock, Mio Shimada and Erik C. Franklin (2018) “Bitcoin emissions alone could push global warming above 2°C” in Nature Climate Change 8 (11)
World Bank, (2016) “Global Payment Systems Survey”
de Vries, Alex. (2018) “Bitcoin's Growing Energy Problem” Joule 2.
Barber, G. (2019) “Bitcoin's Climate Impact Is Global. The Cures Are Local” https://www.wired.com/story/bitcoins-climate-impact-global-cures-local/
d'Anconia, F. (2017) “bitcoin mining wastes vast amounts of energy, harms environment” https://cointelegraph.com/news/bitcoin-mining-wastes-vast-amounts-of-energy-harms-environment
Stoll, C. KlaaBen, L. Gallersdörfer, U. (2019) “The Carbon Footprint of Bitcoin” in SSRN Electronic Journal 19
Katuzian, Naser (1395), out-of-contract Requirements-civil liability, impression 14th, Tehran, Tehran University Publications, pp.61-70
Katuzian, Naser; Mehdi Ansari (1387), liability from environmental damages, Quarterly of Law, Magazine of faculty of political sciences and law, issue 38, summer 1387, pp.285-313
Rüdiger.Wolfrum(author), Environment and human rights link; a social liability in international arena, Sa’ed, Nader (translator), p.3, 5, 6
Tusi, Abuja’afar Mohammad ibn-e Hassan (1407A.H), Al-Khalaf, Qom, office of Islamic Publications affiliated with Association of Qom Seminary Tutors, vol.3, p.531
Owen HO, Ashley NJ (1999). Environmental assessment in practice. Routlage New Fetter Lane, London.
Mariot J (1997). Environmental Impact Assessment CRC Press. USA.
Hosseini Maraghi, Seyyed Mir ‘Abulfattah, (1417 A.H), Al-Anavin Al-Feqhiyya, Qom, Al-Nashr Al-Islami institute,vol 1, p.311
‘Alavi Qazvini, Seyyed Ali and Masoudiyanzadeh, Zabihollah (1393), Rule of “Man Lah Al-Ghanam Fe’aliya Al-Gharam”, Scholarly Quarterly of Legal Thoughts, issue (1), successive (4), p.85
Ramazani Qavamabadi,Mohammad Hossein, (1386), “A Look at Principle of Non-damageable Use of Territory in International Law” environmental sciences, year 4, issue 4, summer 1386, pp. 57-74
Habibi, Mohammad (1382), Enjoyment from Environment as Right of Humanity, Magazine of political sciences and law magazine of Tehran University, No.60, p.145
Kulayni, Mohammad (1407 A.H), Kafi, Correction: Aliakbar Ghaffari and Mohammad Akhundi, Tehran: Nashr-e Darulkotob Al-Islamiya, Tehran, vol.5, p.293
Ansari (Sheik), Morteza Ibn-e Mohammad Amin (1388), Fara’ed Al-Usul (Ma’ Havashi Awthaq Al-Wasa’el), Sharh-e Musa Ibn-e Ja’afar Tabrizi, Qom, Sama’ Qalam, vol.4, p.450
Naraqi, Ahmad, (1417 A.H), Awa’ed Al-Ayyam Fi Bayan Qawa’ed Al-Ahkam va Mohemmat Masae’l Al-Halal va Al-Haram, Qom: office of Islamic Propagation, p.52
Shari’at Isfahani, Fatollah (1410 A.H), Qa’eda dazarar, research: Yahya Abutalebi ‘Araqi (Qom: office of Islamic publications affiliated with Association of Qom Seminary Tutors, p.125)
Musavi Khomeini, Seyyed Ruhollah, (no publication date), Al-Qawa’ed Al-Feqhiyya va Al-Ijtahad va Al-Taqlid “Al-Rasa’el”, Qom: Isma’ilian Publications, p.37
Mashhadi, Ali (1390), civil liability from air pollution (case study of Irano-France law) , deputy for research, education and citizen rights, p.70
Viney (G), JOURDAIN(P), (2001), les effets de la responsabilité, LGDJ
Banan, Gholamali (1351), human environment and prevention from its pollution, Tehran, National Society for human environment and Natural Resources Conservation, p.26
Firouzi, Mehdi (1385), Right over bio-environment, 1st impression, Tehran, Jahad Daneshgahi publications, p.85
Madadi, M., Ghaemi Kharagh,M., Shafiei,G. (2021). A Jurisprudential Analysis on the legalization of “Cryptocurrency”. Majlis and Rahbord, 28(105), p.316.
Ja’afar Majd, Mohammad and Khoini, Ghafur and Madaviy-e Kandeh, Hossein (1396), Methods of Compensating bio-environmental damages based on bio-environment ethics in legal system of Iran, ethical researches, year 8, issue 29, p.81
Mashhadi, Ali (1391), Foundations of rights of France’s bio-environment,1, Tehran, Khorsandi Publications, 3
Almkhani, A’zam and Bahrami, Ahmad (1393), Civil liability of the state in the face of bio-environmental pollutions,1, Tehran, Khorsandi publications
Theodore Panayotou (1387), Instruments of Change for grounds of sustainable development, translation by Seyyed Amir Liyaqat, Tehran, Bio-environment Organization, p.73
Naraqi, Mola (1415 A.H), Mostanad Al-Shi’a Fi Ahkam Al-Shari’a, Qom, Al-e Al-Bayt (Alayhomosalam), vol.15, p.373
Ameli, Mohammad (1417 A.H), Al-Dorous Al-Shar’iya Fi Feqh Al-Imamiyya, Qom, office of Islamic publications affiliated with Association of Qom Seminary Tutors, vol.6, p.405
Korki, Ali (1414 A.H), Jama’ Al-Maqased Fi Sharh Al-Qawa’ed, Qom, institute of Al-e Al-Bayt (Alayhomosalam), vol.3, p.322
Helli, Allameh, Hassan Ibn-e Yusuf Ibn-e Mottahar Assadi, (1420 A.H), Tahrir Al-Ahkam Al-Shar’iya Ala Madhab Al-Imamiyya, Qom, institute of Imam Sadeq (Alayhomosalam), vol.2, p.47.
_||_
Edwards, John (2019) “Bitcoin's Price History” https://www.investopedia.com/articles/forex/121815/bitcoins-price-history.asp
Eyal I., sirer E.G (2014) “majority is not enough: bitcoin mining is vulnerable” Financial cryptography and data security. Vol 8437, pp 436-454
Ankalkoti, p. & Santhosh S G (2017) “A Relative Study on Bitcoin Mining” "Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-3, Issue-5
Fortney, L. (2019) “Bitcoin Mining, Explained” https://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/bitcoin-mining.asp
Aki, j. (2019) “Bitcoin Mining and the Struggle for Environmental Sustainability” https://insidebitcoins.com/news/bitcoin-mining-and-the-struggle-for-environmental-sustainability/233141
Mora, C. Randi L. Rollins, Katie Taladay, Michael B. Kantar, Mason K. Chock, Mio Shimada and Erik C. Franklin (2018) “Bitcoin emissions alone could push global warming above 2°C” in Nature Climate Change 8 (11)
World Bank, (2016) “Global Payment Systems Survey”
de Vries, Alex. (2018) “Bitcoin's Growing Energy Problem” Joule 2.
Barber, G. (2019) “Bitcoin's Climate Impact Is Global. The Cures Are Local” https://www.wired.com/story/bitcoins-climate-impact-global-cures-local/
d'Anconia, F. (2017) “bitcoin mining wastes vast amounts of energy, harms environment” https://cointelegraph.com/news/bitcoin-mining-wastes-vast-amounts-of-energy-harms-environment
Stoll, C. KlaaBen, L. Gallersdörfer, U. (2019) “The Carbon Footprint of Bitcoin” in SSRN Electronic Journal 19
Katuzian, Naser (1395), out-of-contract Requirements-civil liability, impression 14th, Tehran, Tehran University Publications, pp.61-70
Katuzian, Naser; Mehdi Ansari (1387), liability from environmental damages, Quarterly of Law, Magazine of faculty of political sciences and law, issue 38, summer 1387, pp.285-313
Rüdiger.Wolfrum(author), Environment and human rights link; a social liability in international arena, Sa’ed, Nader (translator), p.3, 5, 6
Tusi, Abuja’afar Mohammad ibn-e Hassan (1407A.H), Al-Khalaf, Qom, office of Islamic Publications affiliated with Association of Qom Seminary Tutors, vol.3, p.531
Owen HO, Ashley NJ (1999). Environmental assessment in practice. Routlage New Fetter Lane, London.
Mariot J (1997). Environmental Impact Assessment CRC Press. USA.
Hosseini Maraghi, Seyyed Mir ‘Abulfattah, (1417 A.H), Al-Anavin Al-Feqhiyya, Qom, Al-Nashr Al-Islami institute,vol 1, p.311
‘Alavi Qazvini, Seyyed Ali and Masoudiyanzadeh, Zabihollah (1393), Rule of “Man Lah Al-Ghanam Fe’aliya Al-Gharam”, Scholarly Quarterly of Legal Thoughts, issue (1), successive (4), p.85
Ramazani Qavamabadi,Mohammad Hossein, (1386), “A Look at Principle of Non-damageable Use of Territory in International Law” environmental sciences, year 4, issue 4, summer 1386, pp. 57-74
Habibi, Mohammad (1382), Enjoyment from Environment as Right of Humanity, Magazine of political sciences and law magazine of Tehran University, No.60, p.145
Kulayni, Mohammad (1407 A.H), Kafi, Correction: Aliakbar Ghaffari and Mohammad Akhundi, Tehran: Nashr-e Darulkotob Al-Islamiya, Tehran, vol.5, p.293
Ansari (Sheik), Morteza Ibn-e Mohammad Amin (1388), Fara’ed Al-Usul (Ma’ Havashi Awthaq Al-Wasa’el), Sharh-e Musa Ibn-e Ja’afar Tabrizi, Qom, Sama’ Qalam, vol.4, p.450
Naraqi, Ahmad, (1417 A.H), Awa’ed Al-Ayyam Fi Bayan Qawa’ed Al-Ahkam va Mohemmat Masae’l Al-Halal va Al-Haram, Qom: office of Islamic Propagation, p.52
Shari’at Isfahani, Fatollah (1410 A.H), Qa’eda dazarar, research: Yahya Abutalebi ‘Araqi (Qom: office of Islamic publications affiliated with Association of Qom Seminary Tutors, p.125)
Musavi Khomeini, Seyyed Ruhollah, (no publication date), Al-Qawa’ed Al-Feqhiyya va Al-Ijtahad va Al-Taqlid “Al-Rasa’el”, Qom: Isma’ilian Publications, p.37
Mashhadi, Ali (1390), civil liability from air pollution (case study of Irano-France law) , deputy for research, education and citizen rights, p.70
Viney (G), JOURDAIN(P), (2001), les effets de la responsabilité, LGDJ
Banan, Gholamali (1351), human environment and prevention from its pollution, Tehran, National Society for human environment and Natural Resources Conservation, p.26
Firouzi, Mehdi (1385), Right over bio-environment, 1st impression, Tehran, Jahad Daneshgahi publications, p.85
Madadi, M., Ghaemi Kharagh,M., Shafiei,G. (2021). A Jurisprudential Analysis on the legalization of “Cryptocurrency”. Majlis and Rahbord, 28(105), p.316.
Ja’afar Majd, Mohammad and Khoini, Ghafur and Madaviy-e Kandeh, Hossein (1396), Methods of Compensating bio-environmental damages based on bio-environment ethics in legal system of Iran, ethical researches, year 8, issue 29, p.81
Mashhadi, Ali (1391), Foundations of rights of France’s bio-environment,1, Tehran, Khorsandi Publications, 3
Almkhani, A’zam and Bahrami, Ahmad (1393), Civil liability of the state in the face of bio-environmental pollutions,1, Tehran, Khorsandi publications
Theodore Panayotou (1387), Instruments of Change for grounds of sustainable development, translation by Seyyed Amir Liyaqat, Tehran, Bio-environment Organization, p.73
Naraqi, Mola (1415 A.H), Mostanad Al-Shi’a Fi Ahkam Al-Shari’a, Qom, Al-e Al-Bayt (Alayhomosalam), vol.15, p.373
Ameli, Mohammad (1417 A.H), Al-Dorous Al-Shar’iya Fi Feqh Al-Imamiyya, Qom, office of Islamic publications affiliated with Association of Qom Seminary Tutors, vol.6, p.405
Korki, Ali (1414 A.H), Jama’ Al-Maqased Fi Sharh Al-Qawa’ed, Qom, institute of Al-e Al-Bayt (Alayhomosalam), vol.3, p.322
Helli, Allameh, Hassan Ibn-e Yusuf Ibn-e Mottahar Assadi, (1420 A.H), Tahrir Al-Ahkam Al-Shar’iya Ala Madhab Al-Imamiyya, Qom, institute of Imam Sadeq (Alayhomosalam), vol.2, p.47.
