اثر محلول‌پاشی عناصر غذایی بر خصوصیات مورفوفیزیولوژیک کرچک (Ricinus communis L.) در سطوح مختلف کم‌آبیاری
محورهای موضوعی : اکوفیزیولوژی گیاهان زراعی
فردانه اوسطی
1
(دانشجوی دکتری زراعت، گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشکده کشاورزی، واحد مهاباد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، مهاباد، ایران)
تورج میرمحمودی
2
(استادیار گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، واحد مهاباد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، مهاباد، ایران)
بهمن پاسبان اسلام
3
(دانشیار بخش تحقیقات علوم زراعی و باغی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان آذربایجان شرقی، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، تبریز، ایران)
سامان یزدان ستا
4
(استادیار گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، واحد مهاباد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، مهاباد، ایران)
حسن منیری فر
5
(دانشیار بخش تحقیقات علوم زراعی و باغی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان آذربایجان شرقی، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، تبریز، ایران)
کلید واژه: نیتروژن, کلروفیل, گوگرد, کم‌آبی,
چکیده مقاله :
به‌منظور بررسی اثر دور آبیاری و محلول‌پاشی کودهای شیمیایی بر برخی از صفات مورفوفیزیولوژیک کرچک، از طریق اجرای آزمایشی در مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی آذربایجان شرقی، به‌صورت کرت‌های خرد شده در قالب بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی در دو سال زراعی 97-1396 بررسی شد. فاکتور اول سطوح آبیاری در این بررسی شامل آبیاری نرمال، آبیاری پس از ۸۰ و 140 میلی متر تبخیر در کرت اصلی و هشت تیمار کودی شامل گوگرد، پتاسیم، نیتروژن، گوگرد + پتاسیم، گوگرد + نیتروژن، پتاسیم + نیتروژن، گوگرد + پتاسیم+ نیتروژن و شاهد به‌صورت محلول‌پاشی در کرت‌های فرعی بودند. نتایج نشان داد اثر دور آبیاری و محلول پاشی بر کلیه صفات مورد بررسی معنی دار بود. اثر متقابل دو تیمار بر کلیه صفات، به غیر از شاخص کلروفیل، معنی دار گردید. در این بررسی دور آبیاری بعد از 140 میلی متر تبخیر شاخص کلروفیل را نسبت به شرایط نرمال افزایش داد. همچنین محلول پاشی S+N+K مقدار صفت مذکور را در مقایسه با تیمار شاهد به میزان 90/14 درصد بالا برد. بالاترین ارتفاع بوته، تعداد برگ، ضریب هدایت روزنه ای، تعداد شاخه فرعی، عملکرد زیست توده و عملکرد دانه (45/0 کیلوگرم در هکتار) و کمترین محتوی پرولین برگ به تیمار محلول پاشی S+N+K در شرایط آبیاری نرمال اختصاص یافتند، محلول پاشی S+N+K توانست عملکرد دانه را در مقایسه با تیمار شاهد محلول پاشی در دور آبیاری بعد از 80 و 140 میلی متر به ترتیب 83/45 و 0/40 درصد افزایش دهد و اثر تنش کم آبی را بر صفات مورد مطالعه تعدیل نماید.
To study the effect of irrigation levels and spraying of chemical fertilizers on some Morphophysiological traits in castor oil plant an experiment was conducted in East Azarbaijan Agricultural Research and Education Center, Tabriz- Iran at the 2017 crop season. The field experiment was carried out by a split-plot design based on a completely randomized block design with three replications. The first factor was irrigation levels consisting of control (normal irrigation), irrigation after 80 mm and 140 mm evaporation from the pan evaporation in asseinged to main plots and eight spraying chemical fertilizers including sulfur, potassium, nitrogen, sulfur + potassium, sulfur + nitrogen, potassium + nitrogen, sulfur + potassium + nitrogen and control to subplots.The results showed that the effects of irrigation levels and chemical fertilizer treatments on all traits were significant furthermore, the interaction of two treatments were also significant on all traits except chlorophyll index. Irrigation interval after 140 mm evaporation reduced the leaf chlorophyll index by 18.25% compared to normal conditions. Also, spraying S + N + K increased this trait by 14.90% compared to the control treatment. The highest plant height (135.15 cm), number of leaves (25.12), stomatal conductance coefficient (276.55 Mmol.m2sec), number of branches (7.25), biomass (1.60 kg.m2) and grain yield (0.45 kg.ha-1) and the lowest proline content (0.19μmol.g-1) were recorded by spraying plants with S + N + K under normal irrigation condition. Spraying plants with S+N +K under irrigation interval after 80 and 140 mm also increase grain yields by 45.83 and 40.0 percent respectively, compared with control treatment and it was able to modify the effect of water deficit on traits under study.
· Abasi Sadr, S., S. Sharafi, and A. Hassanzadeh Ghorttapeh .2018. Effect of drought stress and seed priming on some vegetative and reproductive traits of castor bean (Ricinus Communis L.) var Esfahan. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 1 (45): 75-88. (In Persian).
· Anjani, K. 2012. Castor genetic resources: A primary gene pool for exploitation. Industrial Crops and Products. 35: 1– 14.
· Babazadeh, Sh., M. Kavoosi, M. Esfandiari, M. Nahvi, and M. Allahgholipour. 2011. Effects of nitrogen rates and application method on grain yield and yield components. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 7: 727-734. (In Persian).
· Bates, L.S., R.W. Waldern, and L. D. Treare 1973. Rapiddeterminatation of free proline for stress studies. Plant and Soil. 39: 205-207.
· El-Sayed, K.A., S.A. Ross, M.A. Sohly, M.M. Khalafalla, O.B. Abdel Hamid, and F. Ikegami. 2000. Effect of different sulfur fertilizers on the amino acid, fatty acid, and essential oil composition of Nigella sativa seeds. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal. 8: 175-182.
· Gan, Y., S.S. Malhi, S. Brandt, F. Katepa-Mupondwa, and C. Stevenson. 2011. Nitrogen use efficiency and nitrogen uptake of Jancea canola under diverse environments. Agronomy Journal. 100: 285-295.
· Ghasemian, V. 2000. Study of micronutrients elements such as iron, zinc and manganese on the quantity and quality of seed soybean under West Azerbaijan. M.Sc. Thesis of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modarres, Tehran, Iran. (In Persian).
· Ghobadi, R., A. Shirkhani, and A.S. Jalilian. 2013. Effect of drought stress and nitrogen fertilizer on yield and water and nitrogen use efficiency of corn (SC704). Journal of Agriculture (Research and Construction). 106: 79-87. (In Persian).
· Ghoulam, C., A. Foursy, and K. Fares. 2002. Effects of salt stress on growth, inorganic ions and proline accumulation in relation to osmotic adjustment in five sugar beets cultivars. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 47: 39-50.
· Haji Baba'i, B., and F. Azizi. 2014. Effect of irrigation regimes on morphological characteristics and yield of corn hybrids. Journal of Plant Physiology. 6(22): 89-100. (In Persian).
· Hamzehi, J., and M. Babaie. 2016. Reaction of morphological traits, yield components and yield of pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.) to integrated management of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer. Electronic Journal of Crop Production. 9 (4): 17-35. (In Persian).
· Heidari, M., and A.R. Rezapor. 2011. Effect of water stress and sulfur fertilizer on grain yield, chlorophyll and nutrient status of black cumin (Nigella Sativa L.). Journal of Crop Production and Processing. 1(1): 81-90. (In Persian).
· Huguet-Robert, V., R. Sulpice, C. Lefort, V. Maerskalck, N. Emery, and F.R. Larcher. 2003. The suppression of osmoinduced stresse response of Brassica napus L. var. oleifera leaf discs by polyunsaturated fatty acids and methyljasmonate. Plant Science. 164: 119-127.
· Iranipour, R., M.J. Malakoti, M.J. Abedi, A.A. Sajjadi, and H. Ghaforian. 2003. Evaluation of sulfur, organic matter, thiobacillus and the phosphate solubilizing bacteria on uptake capacity of phosphorus from soil with using isotope dilution. Third National Conference on Development and Application of Biological Materials. Ministry of Agriculture. 734pp. (In Persian).
· Jabbari, B., S.M. Mousavi Nik, and P. Yadollahi Dehcheshme. 2015. Effect of chemical fertilizers and plant density on yield, yield components and oil percentage of castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) in Sistan region. Journal of Crop Production Research. 6 (4): 275-289. (In Persian).
· Jafarzadeh, L., H. Omidi, and A. Bastani. 2014. Effect of drought stress and bio-fertilizer on flower yield, photosynthesis pigments and proline content of marigold (Calendula officinalis L.). Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. 29 (3): 666-680. (In Persian).
· Jafarzadeh, L., H. Omidi, and D. Jafari, 2010. The effect of drought stress on vegetative grouth, essential oil and proline content of Calendula officinalis L. 4th International Conference of Biology, Iran. 1261-1262. (In Persian).
· Jha, P., M. Ram, M.A. Kan, U. Keran, M. Zafar, and M. Abdin. 2011. Impact of organic and chemical fertilizers on artemisin content and yield in Artemisia annua L. Industrial Crop and Products. 33(2): 296-301.
· Koutroubas, S.D., D.K. Papakosta, and A. Doitsinis. 2000. Water requirements forcastor oil crop (Ricinus communis L.) in a Mediterranean climate. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science. 184: 33- 41.
· Laei, G.H., R. Ghorbanian, and H.A. Arab. 2011. Effects of irrigation on agronomic characteristics of four cultivars of castor in Damghan climate. Journal of Research Agricultural Science. 13: 103-114.
· Lak, S., N. Naderi, S.A. Siadat, A. Aynehband, and Gh. Noormohammadi. 2007. Effects of water deficiency stress on yield and nitrogen efficiency of grain corn hybrid KSC 704 at different nitrogen rates and plant population. Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. 14(2): 63- 76. (In Persian).
· Mafakheri, A., A. Siosemardeh, B. Bahramnejad, P.C. Struik, and Y. Sohrabi. 2011. Effect of drought stress and subsequent recovery on protein, carbohydrate contents, catalase and peroxidase activities in three chickpea (Cicer arietinum) cultivars. Australian Journal of Crop Science. 5: 1255-1260.
· Metzger, J.O., and U. Bornscheuer. 2006. Lipids as renewable resources: current state of chemical and biotechnological conversion and diversification. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 71: 13-22.
· Moghimi, N., and Y. Imam. 2013. Morphophysiological characteristics and yield of two forage sorghum cultivars, under low water stress and nitrogen levels. Environmental Stresses in Crop Science. 6(1): 27-36. (In Persian).
· Monreal, J.A., E.T. Jim´enez, E. Remesal, R. Morillo-Velarde, S. Garc´ıa-Mauri˜no, and C. Echevarr´ıa. 2007. Proline content of sugar beet storage roots: Response to water deficit and nitrogen fertilization at field conditions. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 60: 257–267.
· Moosavi, Y., M. Tajbakhsh, and B. Ghobadian. 2014. Study of Iranian castor yield with analysis of variance method. Plant Production Journal. 36(4): 121-134. (In Persian).
· Mousavi, M., A. Sadeghi Behnoori, B. Pasban Islam, and H. Mohammadi. 2015. Effects of sulfur, nitrogen and phosphorus spraying on yield and yield components of castor in water deficit conditions. Journal of Plant Ecophysiology. 9(2): 323-336. (In Persian).
· Nikneshan, P., A. Tadayyon, M. Rafiolhosseini, and B. Bahraininejad. 2015. Response of different castor ecotypes to drought stress under Isfahan and Shahrekord climates. Journal of Crop Improvement. 17(4): 1015- 1033 (In Persian).
· Omidi, H., F. Movahedi Poya, and S. Movahedi Poya. 2011. The effect of salicylic acid and scratch hormone on germination and proline content, protein and carbohydrate content of prosopis farcta (Prosopis farcta L.) in salinity conditions. Journal of Rangeland Science. (4): 632-608. (In Persian).
· Piri, I., M. Moussavi Nik, A. Tavassoli, and F. Rastegaripour. 2011. Effect of irrigation intervals and sulphur fertilizer on growth analyses and yield of Brassica juncea. African Journal of Microbiology Research. 5(22): 3640-3646.
· Pour Taheri, S., H. Abbaspur, J. Masoud Sinki, and H. Makarian. 2012. Evaluation of ricinuscommunis castor oil yield at different distance of irrigation and different nitrogen levels. Third National Conference on Agricultural and Food Industries, Fasa, Islamic Azad University, Fasa Branch. https://www.civilica.com/Paper-RCASFT03-RCASFT03_188.html. (In Persian).
· Rahimzadeh, S., Y. Sohrabi, Gh. Heydari, E.A. Eyvazi, and T. Hosseini. 2011. Application effect of chemical and biological fertilizers on yield and percentage of essential oil of moldavian balm (Dracocephalum moldavica L.). Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research. 27(1): 81-96. (In Persian).
· Ramirez-Vallejo, P., and J.D. Kelly. 1998. Traits related to drought resistance in common bean. Euphytica. 99: 127-136.
· Reddya, A., K. Chaitanya, and M. Vivekanandanb. 2004. Drought-induced responses of photosynthesis and antioxidant metabolism in higher plants. Journal of Plant Physiology. 161: 1189-1202.
· Rezapur, A.S., R.M. Heydari, M. Galoi, and M. Ramrudy. 2011. Effect of drought stress and different sulphuric rate on yield, grain yield components and osmotic adjustments in Nigella sativa L. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. 27 (3): 384-396. (In Persian).
· Rezvani Moghaddam, P., Z. Bromand Rezazadeh, A.A. Mohamad Abadi, and A. Sharif. 2009. Effects of sowing dates and different fertilizers on yield, yield components, and oil percentage of castor bean (Ricinus communis L.). Journal of Agronomy. 6(2): 303- 313. (In Persian).
· Rodriguez, P., A. Torrecillas, M.A. Morales, M.F. Ortuno, and M.J. Blanco. 2005. Effects of NaCl salinity and water stress on growth and leaf water relations of Asteriscus maritimus plants. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 53: 113-123.
· Ruiz-Sanchez, M., E. Armada, Y. Munoz, I.E. Garcia de Salamone, R. Aroca, J.M. Ruiz- Lozano, and R. Azcon. 2014. Azospirillum and arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization enhance rice growth and physiological traits under well-watered and drought conditions. Journal of Plant Physiology. 168: 1031-1037.
· Sepehri, A., S.A.M. Modarese Sanavi, B. Qare Riyazi, and Y. Yamini. 2002. Effect of water deficit and different nitrogen rates on growth and development stages, yield and yield component of maize (Zea mays L.). Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 4(3): 184-195. (In Persian).
· Shamsi, K. 2010. The effect of drought stress on yield, relative water content, proline, soluble carbohydrate and cholorophyll of bread wheat cultivars. Journal of Animal and Plant Science. 3: 1051-1060.
· Teixeira, J., and S. Pereira. 2007. High salinity and drought act on an organ-dependent manner on potato glutamine synthetase expression and accumulation. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 60: 121–126.
· Valadabadi, A.R., F. Yosefi, and A.H. Shirani Rad. 2010. Effect of water holding and different nitrogen levels on some of agronomic characteristics of castor bean (Ricimus communis L.). Journal of Agronomy. 6(1): 99-110. (In Persian).
Wang, Y.F., S.P. Wang, X.Y. Cui, Z.Z. Chen, E. Schnug, and S. Haneklau. 2003. Effects of sulfur supply on the morphology of shoots and roots of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Grass and Forage Science. 58: 160–167.
_||_· Abasi Sadr, S., S. Sharafi, and A. Hassanzadeh Ghorttapeh .2018. Effect of drought stress and seed priming on some vegetative and reproductive traits of castor bean (Ricinus Communis L.) var Esfahan. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 1 (45): 75-88. (In Persian).
· Anjani, K. 2012. Castor genetic resources: A primary gene pool for exploitation. Industrial Crops and Products. 35: 1– 14.
· Babazadeh, Sh., M. Kavoosi, M. Esfandiari, M. Nahvi, and M. Allahgholipour. 2011. Effects of nitrogen rates and application method on grain yield and yield components. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 7: 727-734. (In Persian).
· Bates, L.S., R.W. Waldern, and L. D. Treare 1973. Rapiddeterminatation of free proline for stress studies. Plant and Soil. 39: 205-207.
· El-Sayed, K.A., S.A. Ross, M.A. Sohly, M.M. Khalafalla, O.B. Abdel Hamid, and F. Ikegami. 2000. Effect of different sulfur fertilizers on the amino acid, fatty acid, and essential oil composition of Nigella sativa seeds. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal. 8: 175-182.
· Gan, Y., S.S. Malhi, S. Brandt, F. Katepa-Mupondwa, and C. Stevenson. 2011. Nitrogen use efficiency and nitrogen uptake of Jancea canola under diverse environments. Agronomy Journal. 100: 285-295.
· Ghasemian, V. 2000. Study of micronutrients elements such as iron, zinc and manganese on the quantity and quality of seed soybean under West Azerbaijan. M.Sc. Thesis of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modarres, Tehran, Iran. (In Persian).
· Ghobadi, R., A. Shirkhani, and A.S. Jalilian. 2013. Effect of drought stress and nitrogen fertilizer on yield and water and nitrogen use efficiency of corn (SC704). Journal of Agriculture (Research and Construction). 106: 79-87. (In Persian).
· Ghoulam, C., A. Foursy, and K. Fares. 2002. Effects of salt stress on growth, inorganic ions and proline accumulation in relation to osmotic adjustment in five sugar beets cultivars. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 47: 39-50.
· Haji Baba'i, B., and F. Azizi. 2014. Effect of irrigation regimes on morphological characteristics and yield of corn hybrids. Journal of Plant Physiology. 6(22): 89-100. (In Persian).
· Hamzehi, J., and M. Babaie. 2016. Reaction of morphological traits, yield components and yield of pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.) to integrated management of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer. Electronic Journal of Crop Production. 9 (4): 17-35. (In Persian).
· Heidari, M., and A.R. Rezapor. 2011. Effect of water stress and sulfur fertilizer on grain yield, chlorophyll and nutrient status of black cumin (Nigella Sativa L.). Journal of Crop Production and Processing. 1(1): 81-90. (In Persian).
· Huguet-Robert, V., R. Sulpice, C. Lefort, V. Maerskalck, N. Emery, and F.R. Larcher. 2003. The suppression of osmoinduced stresse response of Brassica napus L. var. oleifera leaf discs by polyunsaturated fatty acids and methyljasmonate. Plant Science. 164: 119-127.
· Iranipour, R., M.J. Malakoti, M.J. Abedi, A.A. Sajjadi, and H. Ghaforian. 2003. Evaluation of sulfur, organic matter, thiobacillus and the phosphate solubilizing bacteria on uptake capacity of phosphorus from soil with using isotope dilution. Third National Conference on Development and Application of Biological Materials. Ministry of Agriculture. 734pp. (In Persian).
· Jabbari, B., S.M. Mousavi Nik, and P. Yadollahi Dehcheshme. 2015. Effect of chemical fertilizers and plant density on yield, yield components and oil percentage of castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) in Sistan region. Journal of Crop Production Research. 6 (4): 275-289. (In Persian).
· Jafarzadeh, L., H. Omidi, and A. Bastani. 2014. Effect of drought stress and bio-fertilizer on flower yield, photosynthesis pigments and proline content of marigold (Calendula officinalis L.). Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. 29 (3): 666-680. (In Persian).
· Jafarzadeh, L., H. Omidi, and D. Jafari, 2010. The effect of drought stress on vegetative grouth, essential oil and proline content of Calendula officinalis L. 4th International Conference of Biology, Iran. 1261-1262. (In Persian).
· Jha, P., M. Ram, M.A. Kan, U. Keran, M. Zafar, and M. Abdin. 2011. Impact of organic and chemical fertilizers on artemisin content and yield in Artemisia annua L. Industrial Crop and Products. 33(2): 296-301.
· Koutroubas, S.D., D.K. Papakosta, and A. Doitsinis. 2000. Water requirements forcastor oil crop (Ricinus communis L.) in a Mediterranean climate. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science. 184: 33- 41.
· Laei, G.H., R. Ghorbanian, and H.A. Arab. 2011. Effects of irrigation on agronomic characteristics of four cultivars of castor in Damghan climate. Journal of Research Agricultural Science. 13: 103-114.
· Lak, S., N. Naderi, S.A. Siadat, A. Aynehband, and Gh. Noormohammadi. 2007. Effects of water deficiency stress on yield and nitrogen efficiency of grain corn hybrid KSC 704 at different nitrogen rates and plant population. Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. 14(2): 63- 76. (In Persian).
· Mafakheri, A., A. Siosemardeh, B. Bahramnejad, P.C. Struik, and Y. Sohrabi. 2011. Effect of drought stress and subsequent recovery on protein, carbohydrate contents, catalase and peroxidase activities in three chickpea (Cicer arietinum) cultivars. Australian Journal of Crop Science. 5: 1255-1260.
· Metzger, J.O., and U. Bornscheuer. 2006. Lipids as renewable resources: current state of chemical and biotechnological conversion and diversification. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 71: 13-22.
· Moghimi, N., and Y. Imam. 2013. Morphophysiological characteristics and yield of two forage sorghum cultivars, under low water stress and nitrogen levels. Environmental Stresses in Crop Science. 6(1): 27-36. (In Persian).
· Monreal, J.A., E.T. Jim´enez, E. Remesal, R. Morillo-Velarde, S. Garc´ıa-Mauri˜no, and C. Echevarr´ıa. 2007. Proline content of sugar beet storage roots: Response to water deficit and nitrogen fertilization at field conditions. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 60: 257–267.
· Moosavi, Y., M. Tajbakhsh, and B. Ghobadian. 2014. Study of Iranian castor yield with analysis of variance method. Plant Production Journal. 36(4): 121-134. (In Persian).
· Mousavi, M., A. Sadeghi Behnoori, B. Pasban Islam, and H. Mohammadi. 2015. Effects of sulfur, nitrogen and phosphorus spraying on yield and yield components of castor in water deficit conditions. Journal of Plant Ecophysiology. 9(2): 323-336. (In Persian).
· Nikneshan, P., A. Tadayyon, M. Rafiolhosseini, and B. Bahraininejad. 2015. Response of different castor ecotypes to drought stress under Isfahan and Shahrekord climates. Journal of Crop Improvement. 17(4): 1015- 1033 (In Persian).
· Omidi, H., F. Movahedi Poya, and S. Movahedi Poya. 2011. The effect of salicylic acid and scratch hormone on germination and proline content, protein and carbohydrate content of prosopis farcta (Prosopis farcta L.) in salinity conditions. Journal of Rangeland Science. (4): 632-608. (In Persian).
· Piri, I., M. Moussavi Nik, A. Tavassoli, and F. Rastegaripour. 2011. Effect of irrigation intervals and sulphur fertilizer on growth analyses and yield of Brassica juncea. African Journal of Microbiology Research. 5(22): 3640-3646.
· Pour Taheri, S., H. Abbaspur, J. Masoud Sinki, and H. Makarian. 2012. Evaluation of ricinuscommunis castor oil yield at different distance of irrigation and different nitrogen levels. Third National Conference on Agricultural and Food Industries, Fasa, Islamic Azad University, Fasa Branch. https://www.civilica.com/Paper-RCASFT03-RCASFT03_188.html. (In Persian).
· Rahimzadeh, S., Y. Sohrabi, Gh. Heydari, E.A. Eyvazi, and T. Hosseini. 2011. Application effect of chemical and biological fertilizers on yield and percentage of essential oil of moldavian balm (Dracocephalum moldavica L.). Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research. 27(1): 81-96. (In Persian).
· Ramirez-Vallejo, P., and J.D. Kelly. 1998. Traits related to drought resistance in common bean. Euphytica. 99: 127-136.
· Reddya, A., K. Chaitanya, and M. Vivekanandanb. 2004. Drought-induced responses of photosynthesis and antioxidant metabolism in higher plants. Journal of Plant Physiology. 161: 1189-1202.
· Rezapur, A.S., R.M. Heydari, M. Galoi, and M. Ramrudy. 2011. Effect of drought stress and different sulphuric rate on yield, grain yield components and osmotic adjustments in Nigella sativa L. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. 27 (3): 384-396. (In Persian).
· Rezvani Moghaddam, P., Z. Bromand Rezazadeh, A.A. Mohamad Abadi, and A. Sharif. 2009. Effects of sowing dates and different fertilizers on yield, yield components, and oil percentage of castor bean (Ricinus communis L.). Journal of Agronomy. 6(2): 303- 313. (In Persian).
· Rodriguez, P., A. Torrecillas, M.A. Morales, M.F. Ortuno, and M.J. Blanco. 2005. Effects of NaCl salinity and water stress on growth and leaf water relations of Asteriscus maritimus plants. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 53: 113-123.
· Ruiz-Sanchez, M., E. Armada, Y. Munoz, I.E. Garcia de Salamone, R. Aroca, J.M. Ruiz- Lozano, and R. Azcon. 2014. Azospirillum and arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization enhance rice growth and physiological traits under well-watered and drought conditions. Journal of Plant Physiology. 168: 1031-1037.
· Sepehri, A., S.A.M. Modarese Sanavi, B. Qare Riyazi, and Y. Yamini. 2002. Effect of water deficit and different nitrogen rates on growth and development stages, yield and yield component of maize (Zea mays L.). Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 4(3): 184-195. (In Persian).
· Shamsi, K. 2010. The effect of drought stress on yield, relative water content, proline, soluble carbohydrate and cholorophyll of bread wheat cultivars. Journal of Animal and Plant Science. 3: 1051-1060.
· Teixeira, J., and S. Pereira. 2007. High salinity and drought act on an organ-dependent manner on potato glutamine synthetase expression and accumulation. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 60: 121–126.
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