اثر میزان و تقسیط کود نیتروژن بر عملکرد و کارایی مصرف نیتروژن در ارقام کینوا (Chenopodium quinoa willd)
محورهای موضوعی : اکوفیزیولوژی گیاهان زراعیمهسا منصوری 1 , مجتبی علوی فاضل 2 , عبدالعلی گیلانی 3 , شهرام لک 4 , مانی مجدم 5
1 - گروه زراعت، واحد اهواز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اهواز، ایران
2 - گروه زراعت، واحد اهواز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اهواز، ایران
3 - گروه زراعت، واحد اهواز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اهواز، ایران.
بخش تحقیقات اصلاح و تهیه نهال و بذر، مرکز تحقیقات، آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان خوزستان، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، اهواز، ایران
4 - گروه زراعت، واحد اهواز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اهواز، ایران
5 - گروه زراعت، واحد اهواز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اهواز، ایران
کلید واژه: رقم, فتوسنتز, کارایی مصرف نیتروژن, ارتفاع بوته, تعداد دانه در پانیکول,
چکیده مقاله :
بررسی اثر میزان و تقسیط کود نیتروژن بر عملکرد و کارایی مصرف نیتروژن ارقام کینوا، طی آزمایشی در سال‌های زراعی 98-1397 و 99-1398 به‌صورت فاکتوریل اسپلیت پلات در قالب طرح پایه بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خوزستان انجام شد. فاکتورهای آزمایش شامل چهار مقدار کود نیتروژن (0، 100، 200 و 300 کیلوگرم در هکتار) و چهار روش تقسیط کود نیتروژن (50 درصد پایه +50 درصد شش برگی، 50 درصد پایه + 25 درصد شش برگی + 25 درصد اواسط گلدهی، 25 درصد پایه + 50 درصد شش برگی + 25 درصد اواسط گلدهی و 25 درصد پایه + 25 درصد شش برگی + 50 درصد اواسط گلدهی) به عنوان فاکتورهای اصلی و سه رقم کینوا شامل رقم Gizal، Q26 و Titicaca به‌عنوان فاکتور فرعی بودند. نتایج آزمایش نشان داد شاخص سبزینگی، ارتفاع بوته، تعداد شاخه فرعی، تعداد پانیکول در واحد سطح و تعداد دانه در پانیکول تحت تاثیر مقدار کود × تقسیط × رقم قرار گرفتند. برهمکنش چهارگانه سال× میزان نیتروژن× تقسیط × رقم فقط بر ارتفاع بوته، وزن هزار دانه، عملکرد دانه، عملکرد بیولوژیکی، شاخص برداشت و کارایی مصرف نیتروژن معنی دار شد. بالاترین عملکرد دانه در کلیه سطوح مختلف نیتروژن مربوط به رقم Q26 و در هر دو سال از مصرف 200 کیلوگرم نیتروژن مشاهده شد. به طوری که، در سال اول تقسیط آن به صورت 25 درصد پایه +50 درصد شش برگی + 25 درصد اواسط گلدهی(125%) و در سال دوم تقسیط به صورت 50 درصد پایه + 25 درصد شش برگی + 25 درصد اواسط گلدهی(88%) بهترین نتیجه را موجب شدند. بالاترین کارایی مصرف نیتروژن ارقام Gizal (8/52) و Q26 (8/51 کیلوگرم در کیلوگرم) در سال اول از 200 کیلوگرم در هکتار و تقسیط آن به صورت 25 درصد پایه + 50 درصد شش برگی + 25 درصد اواسط گلدهی مشاهده شد، در حالی که در سال دوم مصرف 100 کیلوگرم در هکتار موجب نتیجه بهتری شد و این امر حاکی از آن است که شرایط اقلیمی و تقسیط دارای نقش مؤثری در افزایش کارایی مصرف نیتروژن بوده است. بنابراین، می توان با مدیریت صحیح گام مهمی در جهت افزایش میزان تولید برداشته و میزان ریسک در تولید را کاهش داد.
To evaluate the effect of nitrogen rate and its split application on seed yield and nitrogrn use efficiency (NUE) of quinoa cultivars, experiments were performed during 2018-2019 and 2019-2020 growing seasons as factor split plot based on randomized complete block design with three repetitions at Khuzestan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Training Center Station. Experiment treatments were nitrogen fertilizer (0, 100, 200 and 300 kg.ha-1) as the main factor and four levels of split nitrogen fertilizer applications (50% basic + 50% six-leaf, 50% basic + 25% Six-leaf percentage + 25% mid-flowering, 25% basic + 50% six-leaf + 25% mid-flowering and 25% basic + 25% six-leaf + 50% mid-flowering) and three cultivars of quinoa (Gizat, Q26, Titicaca) as sub-plot. The results showed, SPAD, height plant, number of plant branches, number of panicules per area unit and seeds per panicule as influenced by nitrogen content × split × cultivare, interaction. The years× nitrogen rate×split application× cultivar intractions were significant on plant height, 1000 seed weight, seed yield, biological yields, harvest index and NUE. The highest seed yield under all different levels of nitrogen was related to cultivar Q26, in both years by the use of 200 kg of nitrogen, the highest seed yield in the first year belonged to at 25% base application + 50% at six-leaf stage+ 25% at mid-flowering stage and in the second year, to at 50% as base application+ 25% at six-leaf stage+ 25% mid-flowering stage. Highest NUE belonged to Gizal (52.8 g.kg-1) and Q26 (51.8 g.kg-1) cultvars from 200 kg.ha-1 nitrogen by split applications of 25% base + 25% at six-leaf stage+ 50% at mid-flowering stage, while in second year from 100 kg.ha-1 nitrogen. In general, climatic conditions and split application of fertilizer were effective roles in increasing the efficiency of nitrogen consumption. Thus by the use of proper management seed yield can be increased and the risk of its production decreased.
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Akhtar, S.S., M.N. Andersen, and F. Liu. 2015. Residual effects of biochar on improving growth, physiology and yield of wheat under salt stress. Agricultural Water Management. 158: 61-68.
Awadalla, A., and A.S.M. Morsy. 2017. Influence of planting dates and nitrogen fertilization on the performance of quinoa genotypes under Toshka conditions. Egyptian Journal of Agronomy. 39(1): 27-40.
Awan, TH., R.I. Ali, Z. Manzoor, M .Ahmad, and M. Akhtar. 2011. Effect of different nitrogen levels and row spacing on the performance of newly evolved medium grain rice variety, KSK-133. The Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences. 21: 231-234.
Bagheri, M., A. Molaei, A. Mansoorian, and F. Heidari, 2019. Evaluation of compatibility of quinoa genotypes in Mashhad and Isfahan. Seed Seedling Breeding Research Institute. 1-20. (In Persian).
Bascunan-Godoy, L., C. Sanhueza, K. Pinto, L. Cifuentes, M. Reguera, V. Briones, and H. Silva. 2018. Nitrogen physiology of contrasting genotypes of Chenopodium quinoa (Amaranthaceae). Scientific Reports. 8(1): 1-12.
Basra, S.M.A., S. Iqbal, and I. Afzal. 2014. Evaluating the response of nitrogen application on growth, development and yield of quinoa International Journal of Agriculture and Biology. 16: 886-892.
Biswas, T.D., and S.K. Mukhherejee. 1987. Text book of science. Publishing LTD. New dehli. 297 pp.
Dabighi, Kh., E. Fateh, and A. Aynehband. 2017. The study of nitrogen efficiency indices of canola (Brassica napus) under different green manure crops and nitrogen sources. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 15(2): 413-424. (In Persian).
Danying, W.A.N.G., Y.E. Chang, X.U. Chunmei, W.A.N.G. Zaiman, C.H.E.N. Song, C.H.U. Guang, and Z.H.A.N.G. Xiufu. 2019. Soil nitrogen distribution and plant nitrogen utilization in direct-seeded rice in response to deep placement of basal fertilizer-nitrogen. Rice Science. 26(6): 404-415.
Etesami, H., and G.A. Beattie. 2018. Mining halophytes for plant growth-promoting halotolerant bacteria to enhance the salinity tolerance of non-halophytic crops. Frontiers in Microbiology. 9: 148-156.
Fageria, N.K., and V.C. Baligar. 2003. Fertility management of tropical acid soils for sustainable crop production. Handbook of Soil 359-385.
Faraji, F., M. Isfahani, M. Kavousi, M. Nahvi, and B. Rabiee. 2012. Effect of nitrogen fertilizer amounts and methods on growth and yield indices of caspian rice. Iranian Journal of Crop Science. 43(2): 323-333. (In Persian).
Fernandez, J.A., and I.A. Ciampitti. 2018. Effect of late nitrogen applications on grain filling in corn. Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Report s, 12.
Geren, H. 2015. Effects of different nitrogen levels on the grain yield and some yield components of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) under mediterranean climatic conditions. Turkish Journal of Field Crops. 20(1): 59-64.
Ghanbari Kashan, M., M. Mirzakhani, and S.A. Faridhashemi 2016. Physiological efficiency response of safflower nitrogen to the use of livestock and chemical fertilizers in Kashan region. Journal of Plant Environmental Physiology. 41: 53-64. (In Persian).
Ghorbani Gilayeh, H., and M. Ashouri. 2018. The effect of planting density and nitrogen fertilizer levels on yield and yield components of beans in Rudsar city. Journal of Crop Production. 11(1): 73-84. (In Persian).
Grant, C., and E. Entz. 2006. Crop management to reduce N fertilizer use. Maydica. 50: 538-542.
Guili,, S.A.A. Mousavi, and A.A. Kamgar Haghighi. 2016. Effect of cattle manure biochar and moisture stress on growth characteristics and spinach water use efficiency in greenhouse conditions. Journal of Water Research in Agriculture. 30(2): 259-243. (In Persian).
Hassan A., F. Moharam, F. Attia, and R.H. Hagab. 2017. Effect of nitrogen fertilization and organic acids on grains productivity and biochemical contents of quinoa plant grown under soil conditions of ras sadersinai. Egyptian Journal of Desert Research. 67(1): 171-185.
Hirzel, J., A. Pedreros, and K. Cordero. 2011. Effect of nitrogen rates and split nitrogen fertilization on grain yield and its components in flooded rice. Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research. 71(3): 436-444.
Kaul, H.P., M. Kruse, and W. Aufhammer. 2005 Yield and nitrogen utilization efficiency of the pseudocereals amaranth, quinoa, and buckwheat under differing nitrogen fertilization. European Journal of Agronomy. 22(1): 95-100.
Keshavarz, P. 2013. Management strategies in increasing nitrogen consumption efficiency in agriculture. Journal of Land Management. 1(1): 48-53. (In Persian).
Khanjani, M., and A. Bahrani. 2017. Effects of amounts and nitrogen fertilizer splitting on yield, yield components and dry matter remobilization of wheat (cv. Chamran). Bi-Quarterly Journal of Crop Science. 7(2): 89-101. (In Persian).
Leesawatwong, S., and B. Rerkasem. 2003. Nitrogen fertilizer increases protein and reduces breakage of rice cultivar chain at 1. International Rice Research Notes (IRRN). 29: 67-68.
Lu, Z.X., X.P. Yu, K.L. Heong, and H.U. Cui. 2007. Effect of nitrogen fertilizer on herbivores and its stimulation to major insect pests in rice. Rice Science. 14(1): 56-66.
Matiasevich, S.B., M.L. Castellion, S.B. Maldonado, and M.P. Buera. 2006. Water-dependent thermal transition in quinoa embroys. Thermochimica Acta. 448: 117-122.
Mengel, K., E.A. Kirkby, H. Kosegarten, and T. Appel. 2001 Nitrogen. In principles of plant nutrition (pp. 397-434). Springer, Dordrecht.
Mirzakhani, M. 2019. Response of nitrogen use efficiency and agronomic characteristics of winter wheat to rate, time and method of nitrogen application. Iranian Journal of Field Crop Science. 50(2): 77-87. (In Persian).
Mirzashahi, K., and M. Hosseinpour. 2104. Nitrogen fertilizer management on grain yield and nitrogen efficiency indices in maize. Applied Agricultural Research. 27(102): 31-40.
Peng, S., F. Garcia, R. Laza, A. Sanico, R. Visperas, and K. Cassman. 1996. Increased N-use efficiency using a chlorophyll meter on high-yielding irrigated rice. Field Crop Research. 47: 243-252.
Piekielek, W.P., R.H. Fox, J.D. Toth, and K.E. Macneal. 1995. Use of a chlorophyll meter at the early dent stage of corn to evaluate nitrogen sufficiency. Agronomy Journal. 87: 403-408.
Rabiee, M., M. Kavousi, and P. Tusi Kohl. 2011. Investigation of the effect of nitrogen fertilizer levels and its splitting time on grain yield and some agronomic traits of rapeseed (Hayola 401 cultivar) in autumn cultivation of Guilan. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology and Natural Resources. 58: 199-212. (In Persian).
Rameeh, V., and M.B. Salimi. 2015. Effect of different nitrogen rates on phenology, plant height and yield components and seed yield of rapeseed (Brassica napus). Journal of Oil Plants Production. 2(1): 1-12. (In Persian).
Raun, W.R., and G.V. Johnson. 1999. Improving nitrogen use efficiency for cereal production. Agronomy Journal. 91: 357-363.
Rostami, M., and A. Ahmadi. 2014. Investigation of the effect of type and frequency of application of nitrogen fertilizers on yield and grain nitrogen percentage of two maize cultivars. Journal of Agriculture. 104: 41-46. (In Persian).
Rozati, N.S., A. Gholami, and H.R. Asghari. 2011. Study of nitrogen split application levels and variety effects on yield and agronomical characteristics of corn. Electronic Journal of Crop Production. 4(2): 1-16. (In Persian).
Saeidi, S.M., S.A. Siadat, A. Moshatati, M.R. Moradi-Telavat, and N.A. Sepahvand. 2019. Effect of sowing time and nitrogen fertilizer rates on growth, seed yield and nitrogen use efficiency of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) in Ahvaz. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences. 21(4): 354-367. (In Persian).
Saydi, Z., E. Fateh, and A. Aynehband. 2017. Effect of different sources of nitrogen and organic fertilizers on yield and yield components of Ajowan (Trachyspermum ammi). Journal of Agroecology. 9(1): 115-128. (In Persian).
Sedaghat, M., J. Ramzjoo, and Y. Imam. 2012. The effect of nitrogen fertilizer amount and timing at different stages of growth on yield and yield components of sunflower. Journal of Crop Production and Processing. 2(6): 21-30. (In Persian).
Sepahvand, N.A., M. Tavazoa, and M. Kohbazi. 2010. Quinoa valuable plant for alimentary security and adaptation agricultural in Iran. 11th National Iranian Crop Science Congress. 24-26 Jul. Tehran. (In Persian).
Shah Mansouri, R. 2015. Reaction of yield of quinoa (Willd quinoa Chenopodium) cultivars to nitrogen levels. Master Thesis. Ramin Khuzestan University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources. (In Persian).
Soltaninejhad, F., S. Fallahand, and M. Heidari. 2013. Effect of different sources and rates of nitrogen fertilizer on the growth and biomass production of purslane (Portulaca oleracea). Journal of Crop Production. 6 (3): 125-143. (In Persian).
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_||_Abou-Amer, A.I., and A.S. Kame. 2011. Growth, yield and nitrogen utilization efficiency of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) under different rates and methods of nitrogen fertilization. Egyptian Journal of Agronomy. 33(2): 155-166.
Akhtar, S.S., M.N. Andersen, and F. Liu. 2015. Residual effects of biochar on improving growth, physiology and yield of wheat under salt stress. Agricultural Water Management. 158: 61-68.
Awadalla, A., and A.S.M. Morsy. 2017. Influence of planting dates and nitrogen fertilization on the performance of quinoa genotypes under Toshka conditions. Egyptian Journal of Agronomy. 39(1): 27-40.
Awan, TH., R.I. Ali, Z. Manzoor, M .Ahmad, and M. Akhtar. 2011. Effect of different nitrogen levels and row spacing on the performance of newly evolved medium grain rice variety, KSK-133. The Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences. 21: 231-234.
Bagheri, M., A. Molaei, A. Mansoorian, and F. Heidari, 2019. Evaluation of compatibility of quinoa genotypes in Mashhad and Isfahan. Seed Seedling Breeding Research Institute. 1-20. (In Persian).
Bascunan-Godoy, L., C. Sanhueza, K. Pinto, L. Cifuentes, M. Reguera, V. Briones, and H. Silva. 2018. Nitrogen physiology of contrasting genotypes of Chenopodium quinoa (Amaranthaceae). Scientific Reports. 8(1): 1-12.
Basra, S.M.A., S. Iqbal, and I. Afzal. 2014. Evaluating the response of nitrogen application on growth, development and yield of quinoa International Journal of Agriculture and Biology. 16: 886-892.
Biswas, T.D., and S.K. Mukhherejee. 1987. Text book of science. Publishing LTD. New dehli. 297 pp.
Dabighi, Kh., E. Fateh, and A. Aynehband. 2017. The study of nitrogen efficiency indices of canola (Brassica napus) under different green manure crops and nitrogen sources. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 15(2): 413-424. (In Persian).
Danying, W.A.N.G., Y.E. Chang, X.U. Chunmei, W.A.N.G. Zaiman, C.H.E.N. Song, C.H.U. Guang, and Z.H.A.N.G. Xiufu. 2019. Soil nitrogen distribution and plant nitrogen utilization in direct-seeded rice in response to deep placement of basal fertilizer-nitrogen. Rice Science. 26(6): 404-415.
Etesami, H., and G.A. Beattie. 2018. Mining halophytes for plant growth-promoting halotolerant bacteria to enhance the salinity tolerance of non-halophytic crops. Frontiers in Microbiology. 9: 148-156.
Fageria, N.K., and V.C. Baligar. 2003. Fertility management of tropical acid soils for sustainable crop production. Handbook of Soil 359-385.
Faraji, F., M. Isfahani, M. Kavousi, M. Nahvi, and B. Rabiee. 2012. Effect of nitrogen fertilizer amounts and methods on growth and yield indices of caspian rice. Iranian Journal of Crop Science. 43(2): 323-333. (In Persian).
Fernandez, J.A., and I.A. Ciampitti. 2018. Effect of late nitrogen applications on grain filling in corn. Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Report s, 12.
Geren, H. 2015. Effects of different nitrogen levels on the grain yield and some yield components of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) under mediterranean climatic conditions. Turkish Journal of Field Crops. 20(1): 59-64.
Ghanbari Kashan, M., M. Mirzakhani, and S.A. Faridhashemi 2016. Physiological efficiency response of safflower nitrogen to the use of livestock and chemical fertilizers in Kashan region. Journal of Plant Environmental Physiology. 41: 53-64. (In Persian).
Ghorbani Gilayeh, H., and M. Ashouri. 2018. The effect of planting density and nitrogen fertilizer levels on yield and yield components of beans in Rudsar city. Journal of Crop Production. 11(1): 73-84. (In Persian).
Grant, C., and E. Entz. 2006. Crop management to reduce N fertilizer use. Maydica. 50: 538-542.
Guili,, S.A.A. Mousavi, and A.A. Kamgar Haghighi. 2016. Effect of cattle manure biochar and moisture stress on growth characteristics and spinach water use efficiency in greenhouse conditions. Journal of Water Research in Agriculture. 30(2): 259-243. (In Persian).
Hassan A., F. Moharam, F. Attia, and R.H. Hagab. 2017. Effect of nitrogen fertilization and organic acids on grains productivity and biochemical contents of quinoa plant grown under soil conditions of ras sadersinai. Egyptian Journal of Desert Research. 67(1): 171-185.
Hirzel, J., A. Pedreros, and K. Cordero. 2011. Effect of nitrogen rates and split nitrogen fertilization on grain yield and its components in flooded rice. Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research. 71(3): 436-444.
Kaul, H.P., M. Kruse, and W. Aufhammer. 2005 Yield and nitrogen utilization efficiency of the pseudocereals amaranth, quinoa, and buckwheat under differing nitrogen fertilization. European Journal of Agronomy. 22(1): 95-100.
Keshavarz, P. 2013. Management strategies in increasing nitrogen consumption efficiency in agriculture. Journal of Land Management. 1(1): 48-53. (In Persian).
Khanjani, M., and A. Bahrani. 2017. Effects of amounts and nitrogen fertilizer splitting on yield, yield components and dry matter remobilization of wheat (cv. Chamran). Bi-Quarterly Journal of Crop Science. 7(2): 89-101. (In Persian).
Leesawatwong, S., and B. Rerkasem. 2003. Nitrogen fertilizer increases protein and reduces breakage of rice cultivar chain at 1. International Rice Research Notes (IRRN). 29: 67-68.
Lu, Z.X., X.P. Yu, K.L. Heong, and H.U. Cui. 2007. Effect of nitrogen fertilizer on herbivores and its stimulation to major insect pests in rice. Rice Science. 14(1): 56-66.
Matiasevich, S.B., M.L. Castellion, S.B. Maldonado, and M.P. Buera. 2006. Water-dependent thermal transition in quinoa embroys. Thermochimica Acta. 448: 117-122.
Mengel, K., E.A. Kirkby, H. Kosegarten, and T. Appel. 2001 Nitrogen. In principles of plant nutrition (pp. 397-434). Springer, Dordrecht.
Mirzakhani, M. 2019. Response of nitrogen use efficiency and agronomic characteristics of winter wheat to rate, time and method of nitrogen application. Iranian Journal of Field Crop Science. 50(2): 77-87. (In Persian).
Mirzashahi, K., and M. Hosseinpour. 2104. Nitrogen fertilizer management on grain yield and nitrogen efficiency indices in maize. Applied Agricultural Research. 27(102): 31-40.
Peng, S., F. Garcia, R. Laza, A. Sanico, R. Visperas, and K. Cassman. 1996. Increased N-use efficiency using a chlorophyll meter on high-yielding irrigated rice. Field Crop Research. 47: 243-252.
Piekielek, W.P., R.H. Fox, J.D. Toth, and K.E. Macneal. 1995. Use of a chlorophyll meter at the early dent stage of corn to evaluate nitrogen sufficiency. Agronomy Journal. 87: 403-408.
Rabiee, M., M. Kavousi, and P. Tusi Kohl. 2011. Investigation of the effect of nitrogen fertilizer levels and its splitting time on grain yield and some agronomic traits of rapeseed (Hayola 401 cultivar) in autumn cultivation of Guilan. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology and Natural Resources. 58: 199-212. (In Persian).
Rameeh, V., and M.B. Salimi. 2015. Effect of different nitrogen rates on phenology, plant height and yield components and seed yield of rapeseed (Brassica napus). Journal of Oil Plants Production. 2(1): 1-12. (In Persian).
Raun, W.R., and G.V. Johnson. 1999. Improving nitrogen use efficiency for cereal production. Agronomy Journal. 91: 357-363.
Rostami, M., and A. Ahmadi. 2014. Investigation of the effect of type and frequency of application of nitrogen fertilizers on yield and grain nitrogen percentage of two maize cultivars. Journal of Agriculture. 104: 41-46. (In Persian).
Rozati, N.S., A. Gholami, and H.R. Asghari. 2011. Study of nitrogen split application levels and variety effects on yield and agronomical characteristics of corn. Electronic Journal of Crop Production. 4(2): 1-16. (In Persian).
Saeidi, S.M., S.A. Siadat, A. Moshatati, M.R. Moradi-Telavat, and N.A. Sepahvand. 2019. Effect of sowing time and nitrogen fertilizer rates on growth, seed yield and nitrogen use efficiency of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) in Ahvaz. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences. 21(4): 354-367. (In Persian).
Saydi, Z., E. Fateh, and A. Aynehband. 2017. Effect of different sources of nitrogen and organic fertilizers on yield and yield components of Ajowan (Trachyspermum ammi). Journal of Agroecology. 9(1): 115-128. (In Persian).
Sedaghat, M., J. Ramzjoo, and Y. Imam. 2012. The effect of nitrogen fertilizer amount and timing at different stages of growth on yield and yield components of sunflower. Journal of Crop Production and Processing. 2(6): 21-30. (In Persian).
Sepahvand, N.A., M. Tavazoa, and M. Kohbazi. 2010. Quinoa valuable plant for alimentary security and adaptation agricultural in Iran. 11th National Iranian Crop Science Congress. 24-26 Jul. Tehran. (In Persian).
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