ارزیابی رشد، عملکرد، محتوای روغن، کارایی آب و نیتروژن آفتاب گردان (Helianthus annuus L) درسطوح مختلف تراکم بوته و میزان نیتروژن
محورهای موضوعی : اکوفیزیولوژی گیاهان زراعیمرتضی معتمد 1 , شهرام رضوان 2 , علیپور زرین تاج 3 , قنبر لایی 4 , جعفرمسعود سینکی 5
1 - گروه کشاورزی، واحد دامغان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، دامغان، ایران
2 - گروه کشاورزی، مرکز تحقیقات تولید و فن آوری داروی گیاهی، واحد دامغان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، دامغان
3 - گروه کشاورزی، مرکز تحقیقات تولید و فن آوری داروی گیاهی، واحد دامغان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، دامغان،
4 - گروه کشاورزی، مرکز تحقیقات محصولات زراعی و باغی استراتژیک، واحد دامغان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، دامغان،
5 - گروه کشاورزی, دانشگاه آزاداسلامی واحد دامغان، دامغان, ایران
کلید واژه: اوره, تراکم کاشت, دانه های روغنی, درصد روغن, نیتروژن دانه,
چکیده مقاله :
به منظور بررسی تأثیر تراکم های کاشت و مقادیر مختلف نیتروژن بر شاخص سبزینگی و سطح برگ، عملکرد دانه و روغن، کارایی مصرف آب و نیتروژن در گیاه آفتابگردان، آزمایشی در بهار سال 1398 در مزرعه تحقیقات کشاورزی استان سمنان اجرا گردید. آزمایش به صورت کرت های خرد شده در قالب طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار انجام شد. تراکم کاشت در چهار سطح (چهار، شش، هشت و 10 بوته در متر مربع) به عنوان عامل اصلی و میزان کود نیتروژن (در پنج سطح عدم کاربرد، مصرف 50، 100، 150 و 200 کیلوگرم اوره در هکتار) به عنوان عامل فرعی در نظر گرفته شدند. صفات شاخص سبزینگی برگ، ارتفاع گیاه، وزن صد دانه، محتوی نیتروژن دانه و محتوی درصد روغن دانه تحت تأثیر اثر ساده تراکم کاشت معنی دار شد به نحوی که با افزایش تراکم بوته از میزان صفات فوق کاسته شد. همچنین، عامل نیتروژن، صفات مورد بررسی را به طور معنی داری تحت تأثیر قرار داد، به طوری که با افزایش میزان نیتروژن مصرفی، از صفر به 200 کیلوگرم اوره در هکتار، شاخص سبزینگی برگ 15/3 درصد افزایش یافت. بیشترین مقادیر صفات ارتفاع بوته (149/3 سانتی متر)، وزن صد دانه (5/4گرم) و نیتروژن دانه (54/7 کیلوگرم در هکتار) در تیمار 150 کیلوگرم اوره در هکتار و به ترتیب 14/13، 9/70 و 24/3 درصد بیشتر از عدم کاربرد به دست آمد. مقایسه نتایج کارایی مصرف آب حاکی از آن بود که در تراکم چهار بوته در متر مربع و افزایش نیتروژن مصرفی، همراه با افزایش ارتفاع و شاخص سطح برگ، کارایی مصرف آب نیز افزایش یافت اما سطوح بالاتر تراکم منجر به کوچک تر شدن اندازه گیاه، کمتر شدن زیست توده گیاه و کاهش کارای آب مصرفی شد. بیشترین میزان کارایی مصرف نیتروژن در تراکم هشت بوته در متر مربع و عدم کاربرد کود نیتروژنه به دست آمد. در نهایت، حداکثر عملکرد دانه (4016 کیلوگرم در هکتار) و عملکرد روغن (1827 کیلوگرم در هکتار) با مصرف 150 کیلوگرم اوره در هکتار و تراکم هشت بوته در متر مربع به دست آمد.
In order to investigate the effect of planting densities and different amounts of nitrogen on leaf greenness index and leaf area index, seed yield and oil yield, irrigation water productivity and nitrogen use efficiency in sunflower, an experiment was conducted as a split plot in the form of randomized complete blocks design with three replications in the research farm of Agriculture Institute in Semnan province in the spring of 2019. Plant density in four levels (4, 6, 8 and 10 plants per m2) as a main plot and the amount of nitrogen levels (0. 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg urea ha-1) as sub plot was considered. Leaf greenness index, plant height, 100-seed weight, seed nitrogen content and seed oil content were significantly affected by the simple effect of planting density, which decreased with increasing density of the above traits. Also, the nitrogen levels significantly affected the studied traits, so that with increasing the amount of nitrogen consumption, from control (0 kg urea ha-1) to 200 kg urea ha-1, the leaf greenness index increased by 15.3%. The highest amount of plant height, 100-seed weight and grain nitrogen were obtained in the treatment of 150 kg urea ha-1 and 14.13, 9.07 and 24.3% more than no application, respectively. Mean comparing the results of water use efficiency showed that at a density of four plants per m2 and an increase in nitrogen levels, along with increasing height and leaf area index, water use efficiency also increased, but higher levels of density led to smaller plant yield, less plant biomass and water efficiency were reduced. The highest nitrogen use efficiency was obtained in the density of 8 plants per m2 and no application of nitrogen fertilizer. Finally, maximum grain yield (4016 kg.ha-1) and oil yield (1827 kg.ha-1) were obtained by consuming 150 kg urea per ha-1 and density of 8 plants per m2.
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