تغییرات شاخص‌های جوانه‌زنی و فعالیت سیستم آنتی‌اکسیدانتی بذرهای پنبه (Gossypium hirsutum L.) طی زوال
محورهای موضوعی : ژنتیکفرشید قادری‌فر 1 , امید سنچولی 2 , حمیدرضا صادقی پور 3
1 - گروه زراعت، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران
2 - گروه زراعت، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران
3 - گروه زیست‌شناسی، دانشگاه گلستان، گرگان، ایران
کلید واژه: پیری, قدرت بذر, تنش اکسیداتیو, گونه های اکسیژن فعال, انبارداری بذر,
چکیده مقاله :
بذرها در طی انبارداری زوال یافته و پیر می شوند به طوری که سرعت این فرآیند به دما و رطوبت بذر در طی انبارداری بستگی دارد. این آزمایش به منظور مطالعه فعالیت سیستم آنتی اکسیدانتی در بذرهای پنبه رقم ارمغان در طی زوال صورت گرفت. برای ایجاد سطوح مختلف زوال از آزمون تسریع پیری استفاده شد. بذرهای پنبه به‌مدت 0، 48، 96، 144 و192 ساعت در دمای 43 درجه سانتی گراد و رطوبت نسبی 100 درصد قرار گرفتند. نتایج نشان داد با افزایش دوره زوال هدایت الکتریکی غشاء، پراکسیداسیون لیپید و پراکسید هیدروژن افزایش یافت. افزایش پراکسید هیدروژن همراه با کاهش فعالیت آنزیم کاتالاز و افزایش فعالیت آنزیم پراکسیداز و مقدار اسید آسکوربیک بود که نشاندهنده تاثیر کاهنده دوره زوال بر فعالیت آنزیم کاتالاز نسبت به آنزیم پراکسیداز و اسید آسکوربیک بود. همچنین با افزایش دوره زوال درصد، سرعت و یکنواختی جوانه زنی کاهش یافت. به طور کلی نتایج این تحقیق بیانگر این مطلب است که یکی از دلایل اصلی زوال بذر در بذرهای پنبه، تنش اکسیداتیو ناشی از تجمع گونه های اکسیژن فعال و کاهش کارایی سیستم آنتی اکسیدانتی می باشد.
Seeds deteriorate and become aged during storage so that the rate of this process depends on the temperature and seed moisture content. This experiment was conducted to study changes in the activity of antioxidant system of cottonseeds during deterioration. An Accelerated aging test was used to create different levels of deterioration. Cottonseeds were incubated at 43 ℃ for 0, 48, 96, 144, and 192 hours and 100% relative humidity. Results showed that the membrane electrical conductivity, lipid peroxidation, and hydrogen peroxide increased with lengthening of deterioration periods. Increase in hydrogen peroxide was accompanied with decreased activity of catalase and the increased activity and content of peroxidase and ascorbic acid, respectively, which indicates declined activity of catalase due to aging as compared with peroxidase activity and ascorbic acid content. Also, with an increase in the period of deterioration, percent, rate, and uniformity of germination reduced. In general, the study indicated that the oxidative stress due to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species and the reduction of the antioxidant system is one of the main reasons for cottonseed viability loss during storage.
Asada, K. (1992). Ascorbate peroxidase – a hydrogen peroxide scavenging enzyme in plants. Physiologia Plantarum. 85: 235-241.
Azpilicueta, C.E., Benavides, M.P., Tomaro, M.L. and Gallego, S.M. (2007). Mechanism of CATA3 induction by cadmium in sunflower leaves. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 45: 589-595.
Bailly, C. (2004). Active oxygen species and anti-oxidants in seed biology. Seed Science Research. 14: 93-107.
Bailly, C., Benamar, A., Corbineau, F. and Come, D. (1996). Changes in malondialdehyde content and in superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione reductase activities in sunflower seeds as related to deterioration during accelerated aging. Physiologia Plantarum. 97: 104-110.
Bailly, C., El-Maarouf-Bouteau, H. and Corbineau, F. (2008). From intracellular signaling networks to cell death: the dual role of reactive oxygen species in seed physiology. Comptes Rendus Biologies. 331: 806-814.
Bao, J., Sha, S. and Zhang, S. (2011). Changes in germinability, lipid peroxidation, and antioxidant enzyme activities in pear stock (Pyrus betulaefolia Bge.) seeds during room-and low temperature storage. Acta Physiological Plantarum. 33: 2035-2040.
Basra, S.M.A., Ahmad, N., Khan, M.M., Iqbal, N. and Cheema, M.A. (2003). Assessment of cottonseed deterioration during accelerated ageing. Seed Science and Technology. 31: 531-540.
Bowler, C., Van Montagu, M. and Inze, D. (1992). Superoxide dismutase and stress tolerance. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology. 43: 83-116.
Corbineau, F., Gay-Mathieu, C., Vinel, D. and Come, D. (2002). Decrease in sunflower seed viability caused by high temperature as related to energy metabolism, membrane damage and lipid composition. Physiologia Plantarum. 116: 489-496.
De Paula, M., Perez-Otaola, M., Darder, M., Torres, M., Frutos, G. and Martinez-Honduvilla, C.J. (1996). Function of the ascorbate-glutathione cycle in aged sunflower seeds. Physiologia Plantarum. 96: 543-550.
De Tulio, M.C. and Arrigoni, O. (2003). The ascorbic acid system in seeds: to protect and to serve. Seed Science Research. 13: 249-260.
Dowd, M.K., Boykin, D.L., Meredith, W.R., Campbell, B.T., Bourland, F.M., Gannaway, J.R., Glass, K.M. and Zhang, J. (2010). Fatty acid profiles of cottonseed genotypes from the national cotton variety trials. The Journal of Cotton Science. 14: 64-73.
Foyer, C.H. and Noctor, G. (2011). Ascorbate and glutathione: The heart of the redox hub. Plant Physiology. 155: 12–18.
Ghaderifar, F., Soltani, A. and Sadeghipour, H.H. (2014). Changes in soluble carbohydrates and the activity of enzymes for purifying active oxygen species in pumpkin seeds during storage at different temperatures and seed moisture content. Crop Production Publication. 7 (1): 157-179. (In persian with english abstract)
Golubenko, Z., Akhunov, A., Khashimova, N., Bresneva, Y., Mustakimova, E., Ibragimov, F., Abdurashidova, N. and Stipanovic, R. (2007). Induction of peroxidase as a disease resistance response in resistant (Hibiscus trionum) and susceptible (Althea armeniaca) species in the family Malvaceae. Phytopathology. 35: 401-413.
Griffiths, G., Leverentz, M., Silkowski, H., Gill, N. and Sanchez-serrano, J.J. (2000). Lipid hydroperoxide levels in plant tissues. Journal of Experimental Botany. 55: 555-558.
Hampton, J.G. and TeKrony, D.M. (1995). Handbook of Vigor Test Methods. The International Seed Testing Associastion, Zurich.
Hussain, S., Zheng, M., Khan, F., Khaliq, A., Fahad, S., Peng, S., Huang, J., Cui, K. and Nie, L. (2015). Benefits of rice seed priming are offset permanently by prolonged storage and the storage conditions. Science Reports. 5: 1-12.
Kar, M. and Mishra, D. (1976). Catalase, peroxidase and plolyphenl oxidase activities during rice leaf senescence. Plant Physiology. 57: 315-319.
Kibinza, S., Bazin, J., Bailly, C., Farrant, J.M. and Corbineau, F. (2011). Catalaze is a enzyme in seed recovery from ageing during priming. Plant Science. 181: 309-315.
Kong, L., Huo, H. and Moa, P. (2015). Antioxidant response and related gene expression in aged oat seed. Frontiers in Plant Science. 6: 1-9.
Kranner, I., Chen, H., Pritchard, H.W., Pearce, S.R. and Birtic, S. (2011). Inter-uncleosomal DNA fragmentation and loss of RNA integrity during seed ageing. Plant Growth Regulation. 63: 63-72.
Lehner, A., Mamadou, N., Poels, P., Come, D., Bailly, C. and Corbineau, F. (2008). Chenges in soluble carbohydrates, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme activities in the embryo during aging in wheat grains. Journal Cereal Science. 47: 555-565.
Luck, H. (1962). Methods of enzymatic analysis.E.D. By H.U. Bergmeyer (1st edition), VerlageChemieWeinheim, pp: 885-894.
Mao, C., Zhu, Y., Cheng, H., Yan, H., Zhao, L., Tang, J., Ma, X. and Mao, P. (2018). Nitric oxide regulates seedling growth and mitochondrial responses in aged oat seeds. International of Journal Molecular Sciences. 19: 1-18.
McDonald, M.B. (1999). Seed deterioration: physiology, repair and assessment. Seed Science and Technology. 27: 177–237.
Mira, S., Estrelles, E., Gonzalez-Benito, M.E. and Corbineau, F. (2011). Biochemical changes induced in seeds of Brassicaceae wild species during aging. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum. 33: 1803-1809.
Moller, I.M. (2001). Plant mitochondria and oxidative stress: electron transport, NADPH turnover, and metabolism of reactive oxygen species. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology. 52: 561–591.
Murthy U.M.N. and W.Q. Sun. (2000). Protein modification by the Amadori and Maillard reactions during seed storage: roles of sugar hydrolysis and lipid peroxidation. Journal of Experimental Botany. 51: 1221–1228.
Murthy U.M.N., Kumar, P.P. and Sun, W.Q. (2003). Mechanisms of seed ageing under different storage conditions for Vigna radiate (L.) Wilczec: Lipid peroxidation, sugar hydrolysis, Maillard reactions and their relationship to glass state transition. Journal of Experimental Botany. 54: 1057-1067.
Murthy U.M.N., Liang, Y., Kumar, P.P. and Sun, W.Q. (2002). Non-enzymatic protein modification by the Maillard reaction reduces the activities of scavenging enzymes in Vigna radiate. Physiologia Plantarum. 115: 213-220.
Noctor, G. and Foyer, C. (1998). Ascorbate and glutathione: keeping active oxygen under control. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology. 49: 249–279.
Priestley, D.A. (1986). Seed ageing. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University press. Pp:304.
Pukacka, S. and Ratajczak, E. (2005). Production and scavenging of reactive oxygen species in Fagus sylvatica seeds during storage at varied temperature and humidity. Journal of Plant Physiology. 162: 873-885.
Resenda, M.L.V., Nojosa. G.B.A., Cavalcanti, L.S., Aguilar, M.A.G., Silva, L.H.C.P., Perez, J.O., Andrade, G.C.G., Carvalho, G.A. and Castro, R.M . (2002). Induction of resistance in cocoa against crinipellis perniciosa and verticillium dahliae by acibenzolar-s-methyl (ASM). Plant Pathology. 51: 621-628.
Sarvajeet, S.G. and Narendra, T.( 2010). Reactive oxygen species and antioxidant machinery in a biotic stress tolerance in crop plants. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 3: 1-22.
Sawan, Z.M., Hafez, S.A., Basyony, A.E. and Alkassas, A.R. (2006). Cotton seed, protein, oil yields and oil properties as affected by nitrogen fertilization and foliar application of potassium and a plant growth retardant. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 2: 56-65.
Shaaban, M., Ghaderi-Far, F., Sadeghipour, H.R. and Yamchi, A. (2016). Effect of Accelerated Ageing and Natural Storage on Germination, Seedling Growth and Reserves Depletion of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Seeds. Iranian Journal of Seed Research. 3(2): 89-103. (In persian with english abstract)
Shaaban, M., Ghaderi-Far, F., Sadeghipour, H. and Yamchi, A. (2017). The effect of natural storage and accelerated ageing on quantitative and qualitative changes of storage proteins and catalase enzymes in chickpea seeds. Plant Process Function. 6 (21): 323-339. (In persian with english abstract)
Soltani, A. (2010). Application of SAS software in statistical analysis. Mashhad University press of Jihad. (In persian)
Soltani, A., Gholipoor, M. and Zeinali, E. (2006). Seed reserve utilization and seedling growth of wheat as affected by drought and salinity. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 55: 195-200.
Sung, J.M. and T.L. Jeng. (1994). Lipid peroxidation and peroxide-scavenging enzymes associated with accelerated aging of peanut seed. Physiologia Plantarum. 91: 51-55.
Tahmasebi, B., Ghaderifar, F., Sadeghipour, H. R. and Gallic, Q. (2015). Effect of accelerated ageing on germination parameters, fatty acids and lipid hydroperoxides of sunflower seeds (Helianthus annuus L.). Process and Plant Function. 4 (12): 73-83. (In persian with english abstract)
Velicova, V., Yordanov, I. and Edreva, A. (2000). Oxidative stress and some antioxidant systems in acid rain-treated plants. Plant Science. 151: 59-66.
Verma, S.S., Verma, U. and Tomer, R.P.S. (2003). Studies on seed quality parameters in deteriorating seeds in Brassica (Brassica campestris). Seed Science and Technology. 31: 389-396.
Xia, F., Wang, X., Li, M. and Mao, P. (2015). Mitochondrial structural and antioxidant system response to aging in oat (Avena sativa L.) seeds with different moisture contents. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 94: 122-129.
Xin, X., Tian, Q., Yin, G., Chen, X., Zhang, J., Ng, S. and Lu, X. (2014). Reduced mitochondrial and ascorbate-glutathione activity after artificial ageing in soybean seed. Journal of Plant Physiology. 171: 140-147.
Zhang, H., Jing, L., Kui, W., Xinzhen, D. and Quanmin, L. (2009). A simple and sensitive assay for ascorbate using potassium ferricyanide as spectroscopic probe regent. Analytical Biochemistry. 388: 40-46
Zhang, S.B., Lv, Y.Y., Wang, Y.L., Jia, F., Wang, J.S. and Hu, Y.S. (2017). Physiochemical changes in wheat of different hardnesses during storage. Journal of Stored Products Research. 72: 161-167
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Asada, K. (1992). Ascorbate peroxidase – a hydrogen peroxide scavenging enzyme in plants. Physiologia Plantarum. 85: 235-241.
Azpilicueta, C.E., Benavides, M.P., Tomaro, M.L. and Gallego, S.M. (2007). Mechanism of CATA3 induction by cadmium in sunflower leaves. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 45: 589-595.
Bailly, C. (2004). Active oxygen species and anti-oxidants in seed biology. Seed Science Research. 14: 93-107.
Bailly, C., Benamar, A., Corbineau, F. and Come, D. (1996). Changes in malondialdehyde content and in superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione reductase activities in sunflower seeds as related to deterioration during accelerated aging. Physiologia Plantarum. 97: 104-110.
Bailly, C., El-Maarouf-Bouteau, H. and Corbineau, F. (2008). From intracellular signaling networks to cell death: the dual role of reactive oxygen species in seed physiology. Comptes Rendus Biologies. 331: 806-814.
Bao, J., Sha, S. and Zhang, S. (2011). Changes in germinability, lipid peroxidation, and antioxidant enzyme activities in pear stock (Pyrus betulaefolia Bge.) seeds during room-and low temperature storage. Acta Physiological Plantarum. 33: 2035-2040.
Basra, S.M.A., Ahmad, N., Khan, M.M., Iqbal, N. and Cheema, M.A. (2003). Assessment of cottonseed deterioration during accelerated ageing. Seed Science and Technology. 31: 531-540.
Bowler, C., Van Montagu, M. and Inze, D. (1992). Superoxide dismutase and stress tolerance. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology. 43: 83-116.
Corbineau, F., Gay-Mathieu, C., Vinel, D. and Come, D. (2002). Decrease in sunflower seed viability caused by high temperature as related to energy metabolism, membrane damage and lipid composition. Physiologia Plantarum. 116: 489-496.
De Paula, M., Perez-Otaola, M., Darder, M., Torres, M., Frutos, G. and Martinez-Honduvilla, C.J. (1996). Function of the ascorbate-glutathione cycle in aged sunflower seeds. Physiologia Plantarum. 96: 543-550.
De Tulio, M.C. and Arrigoni, O. (2003). The ascorbic acid system in seeds: to protect and to serve. Seed Science Research. 13: 249-260.
Dowd, M.K., Boykin, D.L., Meredith, W.R., Campbell, B.T., Bourland, F.M., Gannaway, J.R., Glass, K.M. and Zhang, J. (2010). Fatty acid profiles of cottonseed genotypes from the national cotton variety trials. The Journal of Cotton Science. 14: 64-73.
Foyer, C.H. and Noctor, G. (2011). Ascorbate and glutathione: The heart of the redox hub. Plant Physiology. 155: 12–18.
Ghaderifar, F., Soltani, A. and Sadeghipour, H.H. (2014). Changes in soluble carbohydrates and the activity of enzymes for purifying active oxygen species in pumpkin seeds during storage at different temperatures and seed moisture content. Crop Production Publication. 7 (1): 157-179. (In persian with english abstract)
Golubenko, Z., Akhunov, A., Khashimova, N., Bresneva, Y., Mustakimova, E., Ibragimov, F., Abdurashidova, N. and Stipanovic, R. (2007). Induction of peroxidase as a disease resistance response in resistant (Hibiscus trionum) and susceptible (Althea armeniaca) species in the family Malvaceae. Phytopathology. 35: 401-413.
Griffiths, G., Leverentz, M., Silkowski, H., Gill, N. and Sanchez-serrano, J.J. (2000). Lipid hydroperoxide levels in plant tissues. Journal of Experimental Botany. 55: 555-558.
Hampton, J.G. and TeKrony, D.M. (1995). Handbook of Vigor Test Methods. The International Seed Testing Associastion, Zurich.
Hussain, S., Zheng, M., Khan, F., Khaliq, A., Fahad, S., Peng, S., Huang, J., Cui, K. and Nie, L. (2015). Benefits of rice seed priming are offset permanently by prolonged storage and the storage conditions. Science Reports. 5: 1-12.
Kar, M. and Mishra, D. (1976). Catalase, peroxidase and plolyphenl oxidase activities during rice leaf senescence. Plant Physiology. 57: 315-319.
Kibinza, S., Bazin, J., Bailly, C., Farrant, J.M. and Corbineau, F. (2011). Catalaze is a enzyme in seed recovery from ageing during priming. Plant Science. 181: 309-315.
Kong, L., Huo, H. and Moa, P. (2015). Antioxidant response and related gene expression in aged oat seed. Frontiers in Plant Science. 6: 1-9.
Kranner, I., Chen, H., Pritchard, H.W., Pearce, S.R. and Birtic, S. (2011). Inter-uncleosomal DNA fragmentation and loss of RNA integrity during seed ageing. Plant Growth Regulation. 63: 63-72.
Lehner, A., Mamadou, N., Poels, P., Come, D., Bailly, C. and Corbineau, F. (2008). Chenges in soluble carbohydrates, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme activities in the embryo during aging in wheat grains. Journal Cereal Science. 47: 555-565.
Luck, H. (1962). Methods of enzymatic analysis.E.D. By H.U. Bergmeyer (1st edition), VerlageChemieWeinheim, pp: 885-894.
Mao, C., Zhu, Y., Cheng, H., Yan, H., Zhao, L., Tang, J., Ma, X. and Mao, P. (2018). Nitric oxide regulates seedling growth and mitochondrial responses in aged oat seeds. International of Journal Molecular Sciences. 19: 1-18.
McDonald, M.B. (1999). Seed deterioration: physiology, repair and assessment. Seed Science and Technology. 27: 177–237.
Mira, S., Estrelles, E., Gonzalez-Benito, M.E. and Corbineau, F. (2011). Biochemical changes induced in seeds of Brassicaceae wild species during aging. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum. 33: 1803-1809.
Moller, I.M. (2001). Plant mitochondria and oxidative stress: electron transport, NADPH turnover, and metabolism of reactive oxygen species. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology. 52: 561–591.
Murthy U.M.N. and W.Q. Sun. (2000). Protein modification by the Amadori and Maillard reactions during seed storage: roles of sugar hydrolysis and lipid peroxidation. Journal of Experimental Botany. 51: 1221–1228.
Murthy U.M.N., Kumar, P.P. and Sun, W.Q. (2003). Mechanisms of seed ageing under different storage conditions for Vigna radiate (L.) Wilczec: Lipid peroxidation, sugar hydrolysis, Maillard reactions and their relationship to glass state transition. Journal of Experimental Botany. 54: 1057-1067.
Murthy U.M.N., Liang, Y., Kumar, P.P. and Sun, W.Q. (2002). Non-enzymatic protein modification by the Maillard reaction reduces the activities of scavenging enzymes in Vigna radiate. Physiologia Plantarum. 115: 213-220.
Noctor, G. and Foyer, C. (1998). Ascorbate and glutathione: keeping active oxygen under control. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology. 49: 249–279.
Priestley, D.A. (1986). Seed ageing. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University press. Pp:304.
Pukacka, S. and Ratajczak, E. (2005). Production and scavenging of reactive oxygen species in Fagus sylvatica seeds during storage at varied temperature and humidity. Journal of Plant Physiology. 162: 873-885.
Resenda, M.L.V., Nojosa. G.B.A., Cavalcanti, L.S., Aguilar, M.A.G., Silva, L.H.C.P., Perez, J.O., Andrade, G.C.G., Carvalho, G.A. and Castro, R.M . (2002). Induction of resistance in cocoa against crinipellis perniciosa and verticillium dahliae by acibenzolar-s-methyl (ASM). Plant Pathology. 51: 621-628.
Sarvajeet, S.G. and Narendra, T.( 2010). Reactive oxygen species and antioxidant machinery in a biotic stress tolerance in crop plants. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 3: 1-22.
Sawan, Z.M., Hafez, S.A., Basyony, A.E. and Alkassas, A.R. (2006). Cotton seed, protein, oil yields and oil properties as affected by nitrogen fertilization and foliar application of potassium and a plant growth retardant. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 2: 56-65.
Shaaban, M., Ghaderi-Far, F., Sadeghipour, H.R. and Yamchi, A. (2016). Effect of Accelerated Ageing and Natural Storage on Germination, Seedling Growth and Reserves Depletion of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Seeds. Iranian Journal of Seed Research. 3(2): 89-103. (In persian with english abstract)
Shaaban, M., Ghaderi-Far, F., Sadeghipour, H. and Yamchi, A. (2017). The effect of natural storage and accelerated ageing on quantitative and qualitative changes of storage proteins and catalase enzymes in chickpea seeds. Plant Process Function. 6 (21): 323-339. (In persian with english abstract)
Soltani, A. (2010). Application of SAS software in statistical analysis. Mashhad University press of Jihad. (In persian)
Soltani, A., Gholipoor, M. and Zeinali, E. (2006). Seed reserve utilization and seedling growth of wheat as affected by drought and salinity. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 55: 195-200.
Sung, J.M. and T.L. Jeng. (1994). Lipid peroxidation and peroxide-scavenging enzymes associated with accelerated aging of peanut seed. Physiologia Plantarum. 91: 51-55.
Tahmasebi, B., Ghaderifar, F., Sadeghipour, H. R. and Gallic, Q. (2015). Effect of accelerated ageing on germination parameters, fatty acids and lipid hydroperoxides of sunflower seeds (Helianthus annuus L.). Process and Plant Function. 4 (12): 73-83. (In persian with english abstract)
Velicova, V., Yordanov, I. and Edreva, A. (2000). Oxidative stress and some antioxidant systems in acid rain-treated plants. Plant Science. 151: 59-66.
Verma, S.S., Verma, U. and Tomer, R.P.S. (2003). Studies on seed quality parameters in deteriorating seeds in Brassica (Brassica campestris). Seed Science and Technology. 31: 389-396.
Xia, F., Wang, X., Li, M. and Mao, P. (2015). Mitochondrial structural and antioxidant system response to aging in oat (Avena sativa L.) seeds with different moisture contents. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 94: 122-129.
Xin, X., Tian, Q., Yin, G., Chen, X., Zhang, J., Ng, S. and Lu, X. (2014). Reduced mitochondrial and ascorbate-glutathione activity after artificial ageing in soybean seed. Journal of Plant Physiology. 171: 140-147.
Zhang, H., Jing, L., Kui, W., Xinzhen, D. and Quanmin, L. (2009). A simple and sensitive assay for ascorbate using potassium ferricyanide as spectroscopic probe regent. Analytical Biochemistry. 388: 40-46
Zhang, S.B., Lv, Y.Y., Wang, Y.L., Jia, F., Wang, J.S. and Hu, Y.S. (2017). Physiochemical changes in wheat of different hardnesses during storage. Journal of Stored Products Research. 72: 161-167