بررسی اثر کادمیوم بر شاخص های رشد، پیگمان های فتوسنتزی و برخی پارامترهای بیوشیمیایی گیاه گلرنگ (.Carthamus tinctorius L)
محورهای موضوعی : ژنتیکهما محمودزاده 1 , مهرنوش امیرگیلکی 2
1 - گروه زیست شناسی، واحد مشهد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، مشهد، ایران
2 - گروه زیست شناسی، واحد مشهد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، مشهد، ایران
کلید واژه: کادمیوم, گلرنگ, پلی فنول اکسیداز, قند محلول و نامحلول, گایاکول پراکسیداز,
چکیده مقاله :
کادمیوم یکی از سمی ترین عناصر برای موجودات زنده می‌باشد و فاقد نقش مثبت زیستی است. به منظور بررسی تاثیر فلز سنگین کادمیوم بر فاکتورهای رشد گیاه گلرنگ (Carthamus tinctorius) آزمایشی در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی با سه تکرار در محیط باز انجام شد. سطوح مختلف سولفات کادمیوم مورد استفاده در این آزمایش، 150، 300، 450، 600، 750، 900 و 1000 میکرومولار بودند که بصورت محلول به خاک گلدان‌ها اضافه گردید. بر اساس نتایج به دست آمده از پژوهش حاضر، وزن خشک ریشه و ساقه در پاسخ به سطوح مختلف کادمیوم کاهش معنی‌داری نشان داد. در حالی که طول اندام هوایی و سرعت رشد نسبی گیاهان گلرنگ تحت تیمار کادمیوم اختلاف معنی‌داری نداشت. میزان کلروفیل a، b و کلروفیل کل در غلظت‌های بالا کادمیوم کاهش معنی دار نسبت به شاهد داشت. در حالی که میزان ترکیبات کاروتنوئیدی و محتوی نسبی آب برگ گلرنگ با افزایش غلظت کادمیوم نسبت به شاهد تفاوت معنی‌داری نشان نداد. میزان قندهای محلول در ریشه و ساقه گیاهان گلرنگ مورد تیمار کادمیوم افزایش یافت، اما میزان قندهای نامحلول در اندام‌های ذکر شده روند نزولی داشت. همچنین با افزایش غلظت کادمیوم، میزان کادمیوم بخش هوایی افزایش یافت. در بعضی از سطوح کادمیوم (1000 و 900، 750، 300 میکرومولار) فعالیت آنزیم گایاکول پراکسیداز نسبت به شاهد تفاوت معنی‌داری نشان داد. همچنین فعالیت آنزیم پلی فنول اکسیداز افزایش یافت که در کلیه سطوح نسبت به شاهد معنی‌دار بود و تنها در سطح150 تفاوت معنی‌داری در مقایسه با شاهد نداشت. نتایج این پژوهش نشان داد گلرنگ قادر به جذب کادمیوم در بافت‌های خود می‌باشد و می‌توان از آن جهت گیاه پالایی فلز سنگین کادمیوم استفاده کرد.
Cadmium is regarded as one of the most toxic elements for living organisms that plays no positive biological role. In order to study the effect of cadmium heavy metal on growth factors of Carthamus tinctorius, an experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications in open-air conditions. Different levels of cadmium sulphate applied to the pots in the experiment were 150, 300, 450, 600, 750, 900, and 1000 µM solutions. Based on the results of the present study, the dry weights of roots and shoots significantly decreased in response to varying levels of cadmium but shoot lengths and relative growth rates were not significantly different compared to control. The results of the analysis of variance showed that the amount of chlorophyll a,b and total chlorophyll significantly decreased compared with the control while the decrease in carotenoid compounds content and relative water content in Carthamus tinctorius with increasing cadmium concentration was not significantly different comparing with the control. The amount of soluble sugars in the roots and shoots of Carthamus tinctorius plants treated with cadmium increased, but the amount of insoluble sugars in the aforementioned organs decreased. The results of the analysis of variance also revealed that with increasing the concentration of cadmium, the cadmium levels of shoots increased. Findings also showed that with the increase in cadmium concentration at some levels (300, 750, 900, and 1000 µM) the activity of guaiacol peroxidase enzyme showed no significant difference compared to control. In addition, the amount of polyphenol oxidase enzyme increased which was significant at all levels comparing to control and only at 150 µM level no significant difference was observed compared to control. The results of this research showed that safflower is able to absorb cadmium in its tissues and it can be used for phytoremediation of cadmium heavy metal.
Abraham, K., Sridevi, R., Suresh, B. and Damodharam, T. (2013). Effect of heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cu) on seed germination of Arachis hypogeae. L. Asian Journal of Plant Science and Research. 3(1): 10-12.
Ahmad, I., Akhtar, M.J., Zahir, Z.A. and Jamir, A. (2012). Effect of cadmium on seed germination and seedling growth of four wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars. Pakistan Journal of Botany. 44(5): 1569-1574.
Arnon, D.I. (1956). Photosynthesis by isolated chloroplast, Iv, Central concept and comparison of three photochemical reactions. Journal of Biochemistry and Biophysics Acta. 20:440-446.
Bauddh, K., and Singh, P.R. (2011). Differential toxicity of cadmium to mustard (Brassica juncia L.) genotypes under higher metal levels. Journal of Environmental Biology. 32(3): 355-62.
Behtash, F., Tabatabai, S., Malakooti, M., Sorouredin, M. and Ustan, S. (2010). Effect of cadmium and silisium on growth and physiological characters of Beta vulgaris. Journal of Agricultural Knowledge. 2(1): 53-67.
Bian, Sh. and Jiang, Y. (2008). Reactive oxygen species, antioxidant enzyme activities and gene expression patterns in leaves and roots of Kentucky bluegrass in response to drought stress and recovery. Scientia Horticulturae, 3118 :10-17
Chen, X., Wang, J., Shi, Y., Zhao, M.Q. and Chi, G.Y. (2011). Effects of cadmium on growth and photosynthetic activities in pakchoi and mustard. Botanical Studies. 52: 41-46.
Gouia, H., Ghorbal M.H. and Meyer, C. (2001). Effect of cadmium on activity of nitrate reductase and on other enzymes of the nitrate assimilation pathway in bean. Plant physiology. 38: 629-638.
Mae- Adam, J.W. and Nelson sharp, C.J. (1992). Peroxidase activity in leaf elongation zone of tall feseue. Journal Plant Physiology. 10: 872-878.
Mishra, S., Srivastava, S. and Tripathi, P.D. (2006). Phytochelatin synthesis and response of antioxidants during cadmium stress in Baccopa monnieri L.. Journal Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 44: 25-37.
Mobin, M. and Khan, N.A. (2007). Photosynthetic activity pigment composition and antioxidative response of two mustard cultivars differing in photosynthetic capacity subjected to cadmium stress. Journal of Plant Physiology. 164: 601- 610.
Raymond, J., Pakariyathanm, N. and Azanza, J.L. (1993). Purification and some properties of poly phenol oxidases from Sunflower seeds. Phytochemistry. 34: 927-931.
Riffat, J., Ahmad, P., Gadgi, K. and Sharma, S. (2007). Antioxidative response of Lemna polyrrhiza L. to cadmium stress. Journal of Environmental Biology. 28(3): 583-589.
Sadalio, L.M., Dalurzo, H.C., Gomez, M., Romero- Puertas, M.C. and Del Rio, L.A. (2001). Cadmium-induce changes in the growth and oxidative metabolism of pea plants. Journal of Experimental Botany. 52: 2115-2126.
Safarzadeh, S., Ronaghi, A., Karimian, N., Yasrebi, J. and Emam, Y. (2012). Poisnous effect of cadmium on nitrogen and phosphorous uptake and shoot vegetative characters of seven cultivars of rice. Sciences of Greenhouse Planting. 3(9): 107-117.
Salt, D.E., Blaylock, M., Kumar, P.B., Dushenkov, V., Ensley, B.D., Chet, I. and Raskin, I. (1995). Phytoremediation: A novel strategy for the removal of toxic metals from the environment using plants. Biotechnology. 13: 468-475.
Shanker, A.K., Djanaguiraman, M., Sudhagar, R., jayarma, K. and Pathmanabhar, G. (2004). Expression of metallothioneins like protein mRNA in sorghum cultivars under chromium (VI) stress. Current Science. 86: 901-902.
Soltani, F., Ghorbanli, M. and Manouchehri, K. (2006). Effect of cadmium on photosynthetic pigments, sugars and malonedealdehyde in canola. Iran Biology Journal. 9(2):134-136.
South, D.B. (1995). Relative growth rate: A Critique. South African Forestry Journal. 173: 43- 48.
Zargari, A. (1989). Medicinal plants. Tehran University Publication.
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Abraham, K., Sridevi, R., Suresh, B. and Damodharam, T. (2013). Effect of heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cu) on seed germination of Arachis hypogeae. L. Asian Journal of Plant Science and Research. 3(1): 10-12.
Ahmad, I., Akhtar, M.J., Zahir, Z.A. and Jamir, A. (2012). Effect of cadmium on seed germination and seedling growth of four wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars. Pakistan Journal of Botany. 44(5): 1569-1574.
Arnon, D.I. (1956). Photosynthesis by isolated chloroplast, Iv, Central concept and comparison of three photochemical reactions. Journal of Biochemistry and Biophysics Acta. 20:440-446.
Bauddh, K., and Singh, P.R. (2011). Differential toxicity of cadmium to mustard (Brassica juncia L.) genotypes under higher metal levels. Journal of Environmental Biology. 32(3): 355-62.
Behtash, F., Tabatabai, S., Malakooti, M., Sorouredin, M. and Ustan, S. (2010). Effect of cadmium and silisium on growth and physiological characters of Beta vulgaris. Journal of Agricultural Knowledge. 2(1): 53-67.
Bian, Sh. and Jiang, Y. (2008). Reactive oxygen species, antioxidant enzyme activities and gene expression patterns in leaves and roots of Kentucky bluegrass in response to drought stress and recovery. Scientia Horticulturae, 3118 :10-17
Chen, X., Wang, J., Shi, Y., Zhao, M.Q. and Chi, G.Y. (2011). Effects of cadmium on growth and photosynthetic activities in pakchoi and mustard. Botanical Studies. 52: 41-46.
Gouia, H., Ghorbal M.H. and Meyer, C. (2001). Effect of cadmium on activity of nitrate reductase and on other enzymes of the nitrate assimilation pathway in bean. Plant physiology. 38: 629-638.
Mae- Adam, J.W. and Nelson sharp, C.J. (1992). Peroxidase activity in leaf elongation zone of tall feseue. Journal Plant Physiology. 10: 872-878.
Mishra, S., Srivastava, S. and Tripathi, P.D. (2006). Phytochelatin synthesis and response of antioxidants during cadmium stress in Baccopa monnieri L.. Journal Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 44: 25-37.
Mobin, M. and Khan, N.A. (2007). Photosynthetic activity pigment composition and antioxidative response of two mustard cultivars differing in photosynthetic capacity subjected to cadmium stress. Journal of Plant Physiology. 164: 601- 610.
Raymond, J., Pakariyathanm, N. and Azanza, J.L. (1993). Purification and some properties of poly phenol oxidases from Sunflower seeds. Phytochemistry. 34: 927-931.
Riffat, J., Ahmad, P., Gadgi, K. and Sharma, S. (2007). Antioxidative response of Lemna polyrrhiza L. to cadmium stress. Journal of Environmental Biology. 28(3): 583-589.
Sadalio, L.M., Dalurzo, H.C., Gomez, M., Romero- Puertas, M.C. and Del Rio, L.A. (2001). Cadmium-induce changes in the growth and oxidative metabolism of pea plants. Journal of Experimental Botany. 52: 2115-2126.
Safarzadeh, S., Ronaghi, A., Karimian, N., Yasrebi, J. and Emam, Y. (2012). Poisnous effect of cadmium on nitrogen and phosphorous uptake and shoot vegetative characters of seven cultivars of rice. Sciences of Greenhouse Planting. 3(9): 107-117.
Salt, D.E., Blaylock, M., Kumar, P.B., Dushenkov, V., Ensley, B.D., Chet, I. and Raskin, I. (1995). Phytoremediation: A novel strategy for the removal of toxic metals from the environment using plants. Biotechnology. 13: 468-475.
Shanker, A.K., Djanaguiraman, M., Sudhagar, R., jayarma, K. and Pathmanabhar, G. (2004). Expression of metallothioneins like protein mRNA in sorghum cultivars under chromium (VI) stress. Current Science. 86: 901-902.
Soltani, F., Ghorbanli, M. and Manouchehri, K. (2006). Effect of cadmium on photosynthetic pigments, sugars and malonedealdehyde in canola. Iran Biology Journal. 9(2):134-136.
South, D.B. (1995). Relative growth rate: A Critique. South African Forestry Journal. 173: 43- 48.
Zargari, A. (1989). Medicinal plants. Tehran University Publication.