اثر ارتفاع بر برخی متابولیت‌های ثانویه اندام‌های مختلف گیاه آقطی (Sambucus ebulus L.) در سه شهر در استان گلستان
محورهای موضوعی : ژنتیک
زهرا کاغذلو
1
(گروه گیاهان دارویی، مؤسسه آموزش عالی غیرانتفاعی بهاران، گرگان، ایران.)
خدایار همتی
2
(گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده تولید گیاهی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، ایران.)
سارا خراسانی نژاد
3
(گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده تولید گیاهی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، گرگان، ایران.)
کلید واژه: ارتفاع, آنتی‌اکسیدان, فنل کل, آقطی, فلاونوئیدکل,
چکیده مقاله :
به‌منظور بررسی اثر ارتفاع و مکان رویش بر برخی از صفات بیوشیمایی آقطی، از سه منطقه استان گلستان (رامیان، توسکستان گرگان و مینودشت) و از سه ارتفاع (بیشتر از 1400 متر)، (بین 600 تا 700 متر) و (کمتر از 300 متر) نمونه‌های برگ، گل و میوه گیاه آقطی در سه تکرار در سال 1394 جمع‌آوری گردید. صفات بیوشیمایی شامل فنل‌کل، فلاونوئیدکل و خاصیت آنتی اکسیدانی براساس روش استاندارد شیمیایی مورد اندازه‌گیری قرار گرفت. نتایج آزمایش حاکی از آن بود سه عامل ارتفاع، منطقه و اندام دارای اثرات معنی‌داری بر خصوصیات بیوشیمیایی مورد بررسی بودند به‌طوری‌که اثر متقابل منطقه و ارتفاع روی میزان فنل کل و فعالیت آنتی اکسیدانی و اثر متقابل منطقه و اندام روی میزان فلاونوئیدکل در سطح احتمال 1 درصد و روی فعالیت آنتی اکسیدانی در سطح احتمال 5 درصد و اثر متقابل ارتفاع و اندام روی میزان فنل‌کل و فلاونوئیدکل در سطح احتمال 5 درصد معنی دار بود. همچنین اثر متقابل منطقه، ارتفاع و اندام روی میزان فنل‌کل در سطح احتمال 1درصد و روی میزان فلاونوئیدکل و فعالیت آنتی‌اکسیدانی در سطح احتمال 5 درصد معنی‌دار شد. به طوری‌که بیش‌ترین میزان فنل‌کل در توسکستان در ارتفاع کم و اندام برگ مشاهده شد و کم ترین میزان آن در مینودشت در ارتفاع متوسط در اندام گل بود. همچنین بیش ترین میزان فلاونوئیدکل در منطقه مینودشت در ارتفاع کم و اندام گل و کم ترین میزان آن در منطقه توسکستان در ارتفاع متوسط در اندام میوه مشاهده شد. طبق نتایج بدست امده بیش‌ترین میزان فعالیت آنتی اکسیدانی در توسکستان در ارتفاع متوسط در اندام میوه و کم‌ترین میزان آن در توسکستان در ارتفاع متوسط در اندام برگ بود. در مجموع می‌توان نتیجه گرفت با افزایش ارتفاع از محتوی فنل‌کل و فلاونوئیدکل کاسته شده و بهترین کیفیت را از گیاهانی در ارتفاعات پایین می‌توان به‌دست آورد.
In order to study the effect of height and habitat on some biochemical features of Sambucus ebulus, an experiment was carried out in three cities in Golestan (Ramiyan, Tuskestan-Gorgan and Minoodasht), three height levels (elevations above 1400 m, 700-600 m, and below 300 m), and on leaves, flowers and fruit with three replications in 2015. Total phenols, total flavonoids, and antioxidant activity were measured. The results showed significant effects of heights, region, and organs on biochemical features of the plants so that the interaction of effects of the region and height on the total phenol content and antioxidant activity and the interaction of effects of the region and organ on the total phenol content and on the antioxidant activity, and the interaction of effects of the height and organ on the total phenol content and flavonoids were significant. Also, the interaction of effects of the region, height, and organs was significant on total phenol content and total flavonoids and antioxidant activities. Maximum and minimum total phenol contents were recorded in the leaves of the plants in low height of Tuskestan and in the flowers of plants at average height of Minoodasht, respectively. Also, the highest flavonoid contents were recorded in the flowers at low heights of Minoodasht while the lowest flavonoid content was observed in fruits of the plants at low heights of Tuskestan. The findings also suggest that the maximum antioxidant activity was observed in fruit of the plants at medium elevation in Tuskestan while the minimum content was recorded in leaves of the plants at medium height in Tuskestan. Overall, it can be conclude that total phenol and flavonoids decreased with an increase in the height and the highest quality was obtained from the plants grown at low heights.
Akbari, V., Jamei, R., Heidari, R. and Jahanban Sfahlan, A. (2012). Antioxidant activity of different parts of Walnut (Juglans regia L.) fruit as a function of genotype. Food Chemistry. 135: 2404–2410.
Asadian, G.A., Rahnavard, A., Khalil pour, S., Ghorbanpour, M. and Taghavi, M.S. (2011). Study of variation of biochemical components in Hypericum perforatum L. grown in north of iran. Journal of Research in Agricultural Science. 7(1): 27-36.
Bertome, J., Isabel Arrillage, M. and Segura, J. (2007). Essential oil variation within and among natural population of Lavandula latifolia and its relation to their ecological areas. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology. 35:479-488
Cai, Y., Luo, Q., Sun, M. and Corke, H. (2004). Antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds of 112 traditional Chinese medicinal plant associated with anticancer'. Life Sciences. 74:2157–2184.
Cao, G. and Prior, R.L. (1998). Comparison of different analytical methods for assessing total antioxidant capacity of human serum. Clinical Chemistry. 44:1309–1315.
Chang, C.C., Yang, M.H., Wen, H.M. and Chern, J.Ch. (2002). Estimation of total flavonoid content in propolis by two comple mentary colorimetric methods. Journal of Food and Drug Analaysis. 10:178-182.
Duke, J.A. (1985). CRC Handbook of medicinal herbs. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. P. 423.
Emami, A. and vahi, A. (2008). Medicinal botany. Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services. 1th edition. (In Persian).
Fille cache, A., Aliabadi, A., Farzane, H., Borzooei, M. and dadrasi, A. (2012). Ecology study of (Salvia leriifolia) in Sabzevar. Congress of Horticultural Sciences. Bu-Ali Sina University.
Fiorucci, S. (2006). Thèse: Activite biologiques de composes de la familles des flavonoides: Approches par des methodes de chimie quantique et de dynamique moleculaire. Soutenue an l'Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis. P. 212.
Gourine, N., Yousfi, M., Bombarda, I., Nadjemi, B., Stocker, P. and Gaydou, E.M. (2010). Antioxidant activities and chemical composition of Pistacia atlantica essential oil from Algerian. Industrial Crops and Products. 31:203–208. (In Persian)
Gulluce, M., Sahin, F., Sokmen, M., Ozer, H., Daferera, D., Sokmen, A. and Ozkan, H. (2007). Antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of the essential oils and methanol extract from Mentha longifolia L. ssp. longifolia. Food Chemistry. 103(4): 1449-1456.
Harbourne, N., Jacquier, J. Ch. and O'Riordan, D. (2009). Optimization of the extraction and processing conditions of a tropa for incorporation into a beverage. Food Chemistry. 115:15-19.
Hatamnia, A.A. and Malekzadeh, P. (2015). Estimation of total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of different parts of Bene fruit (Pistasia atlantica Subsp. Kurdica). Journal of Plant Environmental Physiology. 10(37): 1-9. (In Persian).
Hatamnia, A.A., Rostamzad, A., Malekzadeh, P., Darvishzadeh, R., Abbaspour, N., Hosseini, M., Nourollahi, Kh. and Sheikh Akbari Mehr, R. (2015). Antioxidant activity of different parts of Pistacia khinjuk Stocks fruit and its correlation to phenolic composition. Natural Product Research. Article in Press.
Hemati, Kh., Hemati, N. and Ghaedi A. (2015). The effect of habitat, root diameter, and type of tissue on some secondary metabolites content of Licorice (Glycerrhiza glabra) in Khorasan Razavi (Ghoochan). Journal of Plant Environmental Physiology. 10(39): 1-9. (In Persian)
Hejazi Shirmard, M., Azad, A. and Taghi Zadeh, G. (2011). Effects of sensory retraining on recovery of the hemiplegic upper limb in stroke patients (A Single-System Design). Medical Research Journal. 5 (2):48-53.
Hu, F.B. and Willett, W.C. (2002). Optimal diets for prevention of coronary heart disease. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association. 288: 2569–2578.
Iranbakhsh, A.R., Hamdi, S.M.M. and Assadi, M. (2008). Flora, life forms and Chorotypes of plants of Garmsar region in Semnan province, Iran, Pajouhesh and Sazandegi. 79: 179-199. (In Persian).
Jamshidi, M., Ahmadi, HR., Rezazadeh, Sh., Fathi, F. and Mazanderani, M. (2010). Study on phenolicd and anioxidant activity of some selected plant of Mazandaran province. Medicinal Plant. 9(34) 177-183. [In Persian]
Jamshidi, M., Mazandarani, M., and Fthi azad, F. (2010). The effect of height on the secondary metabolites fruit Sambucus Sambucus ebulus L. National Conference of Iranian Medicinal Plants.
Jahantab S., Sharafatmandrad M., Fathi, B., Karami Barzalabad R. and Afrigan A. (2015). Investing some characteristics of the medicinal plant species Smyrnium cordifolium Boiss. in Boyer aahmad region. Journal of Plant Environmental Physiology. 10(39): 55- 65. (In Persian)
Kaur, C. and Kapoor, H.C. (2001). Antioxidants in fruits and vegetables – the millennium’s health. International Journal of Food Science and Technology. 36: 70 –725.
Koleva, II., Van Beek, TA., Linssen, JPH., de Groot, A. and Evstatieva, LN. (2002). Screening of plant extracts for antioxidant activity: a comparative study on three testing methods. Phytochemical Analysis. 13: 8-17.
Mashayekhi, K. and Atashi, S. (2014). The analyzing methods in plant physiology (surveys before and after Mathew, S. and Abraham, T.E. 2006. In vitro antioxidant activity and scavenging effects of harvest). Press sirang words, Gorgan. P. 310.
Mathew, S. and Abraham, T.E. (2006). In vitro antioxidant activity and scavenging effects of Cinnamomum verum leaf extract assayed by different methodologies. Food Chemistry. 44: 198-206
Mazandarani, M., Jamshidi, M. and Fathi azad, F. (2010). Check the active ingredients of medicinal plants (Sambucus ebulus L.) second in two regions of Mazandaran province. Journal of Plant Science. 21 (6): 31-39.
Meda, A., Lamien, C.E., Romito, M., Millogo, J. and Nacoulma, O.G. 2005. Determination of the total phenolic, flavonoid and pruline contents in Burkina Fasan honey, as well as their scavenging activity. Food Chemistry. 91:571-577.
Mohammad Aminzadeh, B. (2015). Antioxidant capacity and phenolic composition of leaves from ten Bene (Pistacia atlantica subsp. kurdica) genotypes. Natural Product Research. 30(5):600-604.
Mohammadi pour, S., Hemati, KH. and Ebrahimi, P. (2014). The effect of height on the secondary metabolites of Sambucus ebulus L. Msc. Thesis of Gorgan University Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. P115.
Moraes de souza, R.A., Oldoni, T.L.C. and Regitano, D. (2008). Antioxidant activity and phenolic composition of herbal infusions consumed in Brazil. Ciencia Tecnololia de Alimentos. 6(1): 41-7.
Mozaffarian V. (2006). Dictionary of Iranian Plant Names. Tehran: Farhang Moaser Press.
Petkov, V. (1986). A source of ideas for phytopharmacological investigations. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 15:121– 132.
Pourmorad, F., Hosseinimehr, S.J. and Shahabimajd, N. (2006). Antioxidant activity, phenol and flavonoid contents of some selected iranian medicinal plants. African Journal of Biotechnology. 5 (11): 1142-1145.
Prior, R.L., Wu, X. and Schaich, K. (2005). Standardized methods for the determination of antioxidant capacity and phenolics in foods and dietary supplements. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 53: 4290– 4302.
Raghavendra, H., Vijayananda, B., Madhumathi, G. and Hiremath, A. (2010). In vitro antioxidant activity Of (Vitex negundo L.) Leaf extracts. Chiang Mai Journal of Science. 37 (3): 489- 497.
Rustaiyan, A., Masoudi, S., Monfared, A., Kamalinejad, M., Lajevardi, T., Sedaghat, S. and Yari, M. (2000). Volatile constituents of three Thymus species grown wild in Iran. Planta Medica. 66: 197-198.
Saboura A., Ahmadi A., Zeynali A. and Parsa M. (2014). Comparison between the contents of phenolic and flavonoid compounds and aerial part antioxidant activity in Scutellaria pinnatifida in two north iranian populations. Journal of Rafsanjan University Medical Sciences. 13(3): 249-66.
Sepehrifar, R. and Hasanloo, T. (2010). Polyphenolics, flavonoids and anthocyanins content and antioxidant activity of Qare-Qat (Vaccinium arctostaphylos L.) from different areas of Iran. Journal of Medicinal Plants. 9(33): 66-74.
Shariatifar, N. (2011). Qualitative and quantitative study of Pulicaria gnaphalodes essential oil and plant extract and evaluation of oxidative stability of soya bean oil in the presence of plant essential oil and extracts. [Thesis] Tehran University. [In Persian]
Somjen, D., Knoll, E. and Vaya, J. (2004). Estrogen-like activity of licorice root constituents: glabridin and glabrene, in vascular tissues in vitro and in vivo. Journal of Steroid Biochemical Molecular Biology.91: 147-155.
Soobrattee, M.A., Neergheen, V.S., Luximon-Ramma, A., Aruomab, O.I. and Bahoruna, T. (2005). Phenolics as potential antioxidant therapeutic agents: Mechanismand actions. Mutation Research. 579: 200-213.
Sorkhzadeh and saeedi, S. (2009). The chimestry, pharmacological and chemical properties of Sambucus ebulus. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 2: 095-103.
Sun, F., Hayami, S., Ogiri, Y., Haruna, S., Tanaka, K., Yamada, Y., Tokumaru, S. and Kojo, S. (2001). Evaluation of oxidative stress based on lipid hydroperoxide, vitamin C and vitamin E during apoptosis and necrosis caused by thioacetamide in rat liver. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)- Molecular Basis of Disease. 1535(2): 186-191.
Swetie, R., Raesh, Ch. and Arun, S. (2007). Antioxidant potential of mint (Mentha Spicata L.) in radiationprocessed lamb meat. Food Chemistry. 100(2): 451-458.
Tawaha, K.H., Alali, F.Q., Gharaibeh, M., Mohammad, M. and Elimat, T.E. (2007). Antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of selected Jordanian plant species. Food Chemistry. 104:1372–1378.
Velioglu, Y.S., Mazza, G., Gao, L. and Oomah, B.D. (2000). Antioxidant activity and total phenolic in selected fruits, vegetables, and grain products. Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 46 (10): 4113-7.
Yavari, A.R., Nazeri, V., Sefidkon, F. and Hassani, M.E. (2010). Evaluation of some ecological factors, morphological traits and essential oil productivity of Thymus migricus Klokov & Desj.-Shost. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. 26(2): 227-238.
Zaveri, N.T. (2006). Green tea and its polyphenolic catechins: Medicinal uses in cancer and noncancerous applications. Life Sciences. 78(18): 2073-2080.
Zeinali, Z., Hemmati, KH., Mazandarani, M. and Asghari, J. (2014). The ecology, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and antioxidant activity of Ferula gummosa Bioss. In different regions of Razavi Khorasan province. Tochemical Journal of Medicinal Plants.1 (4): 11-22.
_||_
Akbari, V., Jamei, R., Heidari, R. and Jahanban Sfahlan, A. (2012). Antioxidant activity of different parts of Walnut (Juglans regia L.) fruit as a function of genotype. Food Chemistry. 135: 2404–2410.
Asadian, G.A., Rahnavard, A., Khalil pour, S., Ghorbanpour, M. and Taghavi, M.S. (2011). Study of variation of biochemical components in Hypericum perforatum L. grown in north of iran. Journal of Research in Agricultural Science. 7(1): 27-36.
Bertome, J., Isabel Arrillage, M. and Segura, J. (2007). Essential oil variation within and among natural population of Lavandula latifolia and its relation to their ecological areas. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology. 35:479-488
Cai, Y., Luo, Q., Sun, M. and Corke, H. (2004). Antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds of 112 traditional Chinese medicinal plant associated with anticancer'. Life Sciences. 74:2157–2184.
Cao, G. and Prior, R.L. (1998). Comparison of different analytical methods for assessing total antioxidant capacity of human serum. Clinical Chemistry. 44:1309–1315.
Chang, C.C., Yang, M.H., Wen, H.M. and Chern, J.Ch. (2002). Estimation of total flavonoid content in propolis by two comple mentary colorimetric methods. Journal of Food and Drug Analaysis. 10:178-182.
Duke, J.A. (1985). CRC Handbook of medicinal herbs. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. P. 423.
Emami, A. and vahi, A. (2008). Medicinal botany. Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services. 1th edition. (In Persian).
Fille cache, A., Aliabadi, A., Farzane, H., Borzooei, M. and dadrasi, A. (2012). Ecology study of (Salvia leriifolia) in Sabzevar. Congress of Horticultural Sciences. Bu-Ali Sina University.
Fiorucci, S. (2006). Thèse: Activite biologiques de composes de la familles des flavonoides: Approches par des methodes de chimie quantique et de dynamique moleculaire. Soutenue an l'Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis. P. 212.
Gourine, N., Yousfi, M., Bombarda, I., Nadjemi, B., Stocker, P. and Gaydou, E.M. (2010). Antioxidant activities and chemical composition of Pistacia atlantica essential oil from Algerian. Industrial Crops and Products. 31:203–208. (In Persian)
Gulluce, M., Sahin, F., Sokmen, M., Ozer, H., Daferera, D., Sokmen, A. and Ozkan, H. (2007). Antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of the essential oils and methanol extract from Mentha longifolia L. ssp. longifolia. Food Chemistry. 103(4): 1449-1456.
Harbourne, N., Jacquier, J. Ch. and O'Riordan, D. (2009). Optimization of the extraction and processing conditions of a tropa for incorporation into a beverage. Food Chemistry. 115:15-19.
Hatamnia, A.A. and Malekzadeh, P. (2015). Estimation of total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of different parts of Bene fruit (Pistasia atlantica Subsp. Kurdica). Journal of Plant Environmental Physiology. 10(37): 1-9. (In Persian).
Hatamnia, A.A., Rostamzad, A., Malekzadeh, P., Darvishzadeh, R., Abbaspour, N., Hosseini, M., Nourollahi, Kh. and Sheikh Akbari Mehr, R. (2015). Antioxidant activity of different parts of Pistacia khinjuk Stocks fruit and its correlation to phenolic composition. Natural Product Research. Article in Press.
Hemati, Kh., Hemati, N. and Ghaedi A. (2015). The effect of habitat, root diameter, and type of tissue on some secondary metabolites content of Licorice (Glycerrhiza glabra) in Khorasan Razavi (Ghoochan). Journal of Plant Environmental Physiology. 10(39): 1-9. (In Persian)
Hejazi Shirmard, M., Azad, A. and Taghi Zadeh, G. (2011). Effects of sensory retraining on recovery of the hemiplegic upper limb in stroke patients (A Single-System Design). Medical Research Journal. 5 (2):48-53.
Hu, F.B. and Willett, W.C. (2002). Optimal diets for prevention of coronary heart disease. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association. 288: 2569–2578.
Iranbakhsh, A.R., Hamdi, S.M.M. and Assadi, M. (2008). Flora, life forms and Chorotypes of plants of Garmsar region in Semnan province, Iran, Pajouhesh and Sazandegi. 79: 179-199. (In Persian).
Jamshidi, M., Ahmadi, HR., Rezazadeh, Sh., Fathi, F. and Mazanderani, M. (2010). Study on phenolicd and anioxidant activity of some selected plant of Mazandaran province. Medicinal Plant. 9(34) 177-183. [In Persian]
Jamshidi, M., Mazandarani, M., and Fthi azad, F. (2010). The effect of height on the secondary metabolites fruit Sambucus Sambucus ebulus L. National Conference of Iranian Medicinal Plants.
Jahantab S., Sharafatmandrad M., Fathi, B., Karami Barzalabad R. and Afrigan A. (2015). Investing some characteristics of the medicinal plant species Smyrnium cordifolium Boiss. in Boyer aahmad region. Journal of Plant Environmental Physiology. 10(39): 55- 65. (In Persian)
Kaur, C. and Kapoor, H.C. (2001). Antioxidants in fruits and vegetables – the millennium’s health. International Journal of Food Science and Technology. 36: 70 –725.
Koleva, II., Van Beek, TA., Linssen, JPH., de Groot, A. and Evstatieva, LN. (2002). Screening of plant extracts for antioxidant activity: a comparative study on three testing methods. Phytochemical Analysis. 13: 8-17.
Mashayekhi, K. and Atashi, S. (2014). The analyzing methods in plant physiology (surveys before and after Mathew, S. and Abraham, T.E. 2006. In vitro antioxidant activity and scavenging effects of harvest). Press sirang words, Gorgan. P. 310.
Mathew, S. and Abraham, T.E. (2006). In vitro antioxidant activity and scavenging effects of Cinnamomum verum leaf extract assayed by different methodologies. Food Chemistry. 44: 198-206
Mazandarani, M., Jamshidi, M. and Fathi azad, F. (2010). Check the active ingredients of medicinal plants (Sambucus ebulus L.) second in two regions of Mazandaran province. Journal of Plant Science. 21 (6): 31-39.
Meda, A., Lamien, C.E., Romito, M., Millogo, J. and Nacoulma, O.G. 2005. Determination of the total phenolic, flavonoid and pruline contents in Burkina Fasan honey, as well as their scavenging activity. Food Chemistry. 91:571-577.
Mohammad Aminzadeh, B. (2015). Antioxidant capacity and phenolic composition of leaves from ten Bene (Pistacia atlantica subsp. kurdica) genotypes. Natural Product Research. 30(5):600-604.
Mohammadi pour, S., Hemati, KH. and Ebrahimi, P. (2014). The effect of height on the secondary metabolites of Sambucus ebulus L. Msc. Thesis of Gorgan University Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. P115.
Moraes de souza, R.A., Oldoni, T.L.C. and Regitano, D. (2008). Antioxidant activity and phenolic composition of herbal infusions consumed in Brazil. Ciencia Tecnololia de Alimentos. 6(1): 41-7.
Mozaffarian V. (2006). Dictionary of Iranian Plant Names. Tehran: Farhang Moaser Press.
Petkov, V. (1986). A source of ideas for phytopharmacological investigations. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 15:121– 132.
Pourmorad, F., Hosseinimehr, S.J. and Shahabimajd, N. (2006). Antioxidant activity, phenol and flavonoid contents of some selected iranian medicinal plants. African Journal of Biotechnology. 5 (11): 1142-1145.
Prior, R.L., Wu, X. and Schaich, K. (2005). Standardized methods for the determination of antioxidant capacity and phenolics in foods and dietary supplements. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 53: 4290– 4302.
Raghavendra, H., Vijayananda, B., Madhumathi, G. and Hiremath, A. (2010). In vitro antioxidant activity Of (Vitex negundo L.) Leaf extracts. Chiang Mai Journal of Science. 37 (3): 489- 497.
Rustaiyan, A., Masoudi, S., Monfared, A., Kamalinejad, M., Lajevardi, T., Sedaghat, S. and Yari, M. (2000). Volatile constituents of three Thymus species grown wild in Iran. Planta Medica. 66: 197-198.
Saboura A., Ahmadi A., Zeynali A. and Parsa M. (2014). Comparison between the contents of phenolic and flavonoid compounds and aerial part antioxidant activity in Scutellaria pinnatifida in two north iranian populations. Journal of Rafsanjan University Medical Sciences. 13(3): 249-66.
Sepehrifar, R. and Hasanloo, T. (2010). Polyphenolics, flavonoids and anthocyanins content and antioxidant activity of Qare-Qat (Vaccinium arctostaphylos L.) from different areas of Iran. Journal of Medicinal Plants. 9(33): 66-74.
Shariatifar, N. (2011). Qualitative and quantitative study of Pulicaria gnaphalodes essential oil and plant extract and evaluation of oxidative stability of soya bean oil in the presence of plant essential oil and extracts. [Thesis] Tehran University. [In Persian]
Somjen, D., Knoll, E. and Vaya, J. (2004). Estrogen-like activity of licorice root constituents: glabridin and glabrene, in vascular tissues in vitro and in vivo. Journal of Steroid Biochemical Molecular Biology.91: 147-155.
Soobrattee, M.A., Neergheen, V.S., Luximon-Ramma, A., Aruomab, O.I. and Bahoruna, T. (2005). Phenolics as potential antioxidant therapeutic agents: Mechanismand actions. Mutation Research. 579: 200-213.
Sorkhzadeh and saeedi, S. (2009). The chimestry, pharmacological and chemical properties of Sambucus ebulus. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 2: 095-103.
Sun, F., Hayami, S., Ogiri, Y., Haruna, S., Tanaka, K., Yamada, Y., Tokumaru, S. and Kojo, S. (2001). Evaluation of oxidative stress based on lipid hydroperoxide, vitamin C and vitamin E during apoptosis and necrosis caused by thioacetamide in rat liver. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)- Molecular Basis of Disease. 1535(2): 186-191.
Swetie, R., Raesh, Ch. and Arun, S. (2007). Antioxidant potential of mint (Mentha Spicata L.) in radiationprocessed lamb meat. Food Chemistry. 100(2): 451-458.
Tawaha, K.H., Alali, F.Q., Gharaibeh, M., Mohammad, M. and Elimat, T.E. (2007). Antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of selected Jordanian plant species. Food Chemistry. 104:1372–1378.
Velioglu, Y.S., Mazza, G., Gao, L. and Oomah, B.D. (2000). Antioxidant activity and total phenolic in selected fruits, vegetables, and grain products. Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 46 (10): 4113-7.
Yavari, A.R., Nazeri, V., Sefidkon, F. and Hassani, M.E. (2010). Evaluation of some ecological factors, morphological traits and essential oil productivity of Thymus migricus Klokov & Desj.-Shost. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. 26(2): 227-238.
Zaveri, N.T. (2006). Green tea and its polyphenolic catechins: Medicinal uses in cancer and noncancerous applications. Life Sciences. 78(18): 2073-2080.
Zeinali, Z., Hemmati, KH., Mazandarani, M. and Asghari, J. (2014). The ecology, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and antioxidant activity of Ferula gummosa Bioss. In different regions of Razavi Khorasan province. Tochemical Journal of Medicinal Plants.1 (4): 11-22.