Effects of Gibberellic Acid and Auxin on Expression of Genes Involved in Flixweed Flowering
Subject Areas : GeneticsHajar Paam 1 , Abbasali Emamjomeh 2 , Yasoub Shiri 3
1 - Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology (PBB), Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zabol, Iran
2 - Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology(PBB)/ Faculty of Agriculture/ University of Zabol/ Zabol/ Iran
3 - Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Research Institute of Zabol, Zabol, Iran
Keywords: Real Time PCR, Gene expression, Plant growth regulators, Flowering process, Crop physiology,
Abstract :
Flixweed is an annual or biennial herbaceous plant. The seeds of this plant are small, slightly elongated, and typically come in two colors that form inside the pod. A lack of synchronized care for the sorrel pods on the main stem leads to grain loss and a reduction in economic yield. The flowering process and the genes involved play a crucial role in coordinating the formation, growth, and maturation of Flixweed pods. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression patterns of genes involved in the flowering process of Flixweed—namely, LFY, TFL, AG, FLC, AP1, and MYB24—under different concentrations of gibberellin and auxin treatments. Thus, increasing or decreasing the expression of these genes can impact the rate of Flixweed grain loss. The results of the analysis of variance showed that the effects of auxin and gibberellin foliar application levels on the relative expression of the LFY, TFL, AG, FLC, AP1, and MYB24 genes were significant at the 1% probability level. Based on a comparison of the results, the mean relative expression levels of the LFY, TFL, AG, and MYB24 genes were influenced by treatments with gibberellic acid and auxin. The highest relative expression of FLC was observed with the application of 60 mg/L auxin. The lowest relative expression levels of LFY (2.9466), TFL (5.6466), AG (4.3066), and MYB24 (-1.6867) were observed with the application of 30 mg/L auxin. The lowest relative expression of FLC and AP1 genes was achieved with the foliar application of 15 mg/L auxin and 60 mg/L gibberellin, respectively.
Bao, S., C. Hua, L. Shen and H. Yu. 2020. New insights into gibberellin signaling in regulating flowering in Arabidopsis. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology, 62, (1) 118-131.
Bernier, G. and C. Périlleux. 2005. A physiological overview of the genetics of flowering time control. Plant Biotechnology Journal, 3, (1) 3-16.
Bowman, J. L., D. R. Smyth and E. M. Meyerowitz. 2012. The ABC model of flower development: then and now. Development, 139, (22) 4095-4098.
Cheng, H., S. Song, L. Xiao, H. M. Soo, Z. Cheng, D. Xie and J. Peng. 2009. Gibberellin acts through jasmonate to control the expression of MYB21, MYB24, and MYB57 to promote stamen filament growth in Arabidopsis. PLoS genetics, 5, (3) e1000440.
Deng, W., H. Ying, C. A. Helliwell, J. M. Taylor, W. J. Peacock and E. S. Dennis. 2011. FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) regulates development pathways throughout the life cycle of Arabidopsis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108, (16) 6680-6685.
Díaz-Riquelme, J., D. Lijavetzky, J. M. Martínez-Zapater and M. J. Carmona. 2009. Genome-wide analysis of MIKCC-type MADS box genes in grapevine. Plant physiology, 149, (1) 354-369.
Dornelas, M. C. and A. P. M. Rodriguez. 2005. The rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.) homologue of the LEAFY/FLORICAULA gene is preferentially expressed in both male and female floral meristems. Journal of Experimental Botany, 56, (417) 1965-1974.
Eriksson, S., H. BöHlenius, T. Moritz and O. Nilsson. 2006. GA4 is the active gibberellin in the regulation of LEAFY transcription and Arabidopsis floral initiation. The Plant Cell, 18, (9) 2172-2181.
Fukazawa, J., Y. Ohashi, R. Takahashi, K. Nakai and Y. Takahashi. 2021. DELLA degradation by gibberellin promotes flowering via GAF1-TPR-dependent repression of floral repressors in Arabidopsis. The Plant Cell, 33, (7) 2258-2272.
Goldberg-Moeller, R., L. Shalom, L. Shlizerman, S. Samuels, N. Zur, R. Ophir, E. Blumwald and A. Sadka. 2013. Effects of gibberellin treatment during flowering induction period on global gene expression and the transcription of flowering-control genes in Citrus buds. Plant science, 198, 46-57.
Gregis, V., A. Sessa, C. Dorca‐Fornell and M. M. Kater. 2009. The Arabidopsis floral meristem identity genes AP1, AGL24 and SVP directly repress class B and C floral homeotic genes. The Plant Journal, 60, (4) 626-637.
Hanano, S. and K. Goto. 2011. Arabidopsis TERMINAL FLOWER1 is involved in the regulation of flowering time and inflorescence development through transcriptional repression. The Plant Cell, 23, (9) 3172-3184.
Ingrouille, M. 2009. Understanding flowers and flowering: an integrated approach. Oxford University Press
Irish, V. 2017. The ABC model of floral development. Current Biology, 27, (17) R887-R890.
Japelaghi, R. H., R. Haddad and G.-A. Garoosi. 2011. Rapid and efficient isolation of high quality nucleic acids from plant tissues rich in polyphenols and polysaccharides. Molecular biotechnology, 49, 129-137.
Kim, D.-H. and S. Sung. 2013. Coordination of the vernalization response through a VIN3 and FLC gene family regulatory network in Arabidopsis. The Plant Cell, 25, (2) 454-469.
King, R. W., T. Moritz, L. T. Evans, O. Junttila and A. J. Herlt. 2001. Long-day induction of flowering in Lolium temulentum involves sequential increases in specific gibberellins at the shoot apex. Plant Physiology, 127, (2) 624-632.
Kong, D., X. Shen, B. Guo, J. Dong, Y. Li and Y. Liu. 2015. Cloning and expression of an APETALA1-like gene from Nelumbo nucifera. Genet Mol Res, 14, (2) 6819-6829.
Livak, K. J. and T. D. Schmittgen. 2001. Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2− ΔΔCT method. methods, 25, (4) 402-408.
Malabarba, J., V. Buffon, J. E. Mariath, M. L. Gaeta, M. C. Dornelas, M. Margis-Pinheiro, G. Pasquali and L. F. Revers. 2017. The MADS-box gene Agamous-like 11 is essential for seed morphogenesis in grapevine. Journal of experimental botany, 68, (7) 1493-1506.
Mejía, N., M. Gebauer, L. Muñoz, N. Hewstone, C. Muñoz and P. Hinrichsen. 2007. Identification of QTLs for seedlessness, berry size, and ripening date in a seedless x seedless table grape progeny. American journal of enology and viticulture, 58, (4) 499-507.
Melzer, S., A. E. Müller and C. Jung. 2013. Genetics and genomics of flowering time regulation in sugar beet. In Genomics of Plant Genetic Resources: Volume 2. Crop productivity, food security and nutritional quality:3-26: Springer. Number of 3-26 pp.
Michaels, S. D. and R. M. Amasino. 2001. Loss of FLOWERING LOCUS C activity eliminates the late-flowering phenotype of FRIGIDA and autonomous pathway mutations but not responsiveness to vernalization. The Plant Cell, 13, (4) 935-941.
Ó'maoiléidigh, D. S., E. Graciet and F. Wellmer. 2014. Gene networks controlling A rabidopsis thaliana flower development. New Phytologist, 201, (1) 16-30.
Pabón-Mora, N., B. A. Ambrose and A. Litt. 2012. Poppy APETALA1/FRUITFULL orthologs control flowering time, branching, perianth identity, and fruit development. Plant physiology, 158, (4) 1685-1704.
Parcy, F., O. Nilsson, M. A. Busch, I. Lee and D. Weigel. 1998. A genetic framework for floral patterning. Nature, 395, (6702) 561-566.
Pelayo, M. A., N. Yamaguchi and T. Ito. 2021. One factor, many systems: the floral homeotic protein AGAMOUS and its epigenetic regulatory mechanisms. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 61, 102009.
Shiri, Y., M. Solouki, E. Ebrahimie, A. Emamjomeh and J. Zahiri. 2020. Gibberellin causes wide transcriptional modifications in the early stage of grape cluster development. Genomics, 112, (1) 820-830.
Shiri, Y., M. Solouki, E. Ebrahimie, A. Emamjomeh and J. Zahiri. 2018. Unraveling the transcriptional complexity of compactness in sistan grape cluster. Plant Science, 270, 198-208.
Shu, K., Q. Chen, Y. Wu, R. Liu, H. Zhang, S. Wang, S. Tang, W. Yang and Q. Xie. 2016. ABSCISIC ACID-INSENSITIVE 4 negatively regulates flowering through directly promoting Arabidopsis FLOWERING LOCUS C transcription. Journal of experimental botany, 67, (1) 195-205.
Siriwardana, N. S. and R. S. Lamb. 2012. The poetry of reproduction: the role of LEAFY in Arabidopsis thaliana flower formation. International Journal of Developmental Biology, 56, (4) 207.
Smaczniak, C., R. G. Immink, J. M. Muiño, R. Blanvillain, M. Busscher, J. Busscher-Lange, Q. Dinh, S. Liu, A. H. Westphal and S. Boeren. 2012. Characterization of MADS-domain transcription factor complexes in Arabidopsis flower development. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109, (5) 1560-1565.
Song, J.-M., Z. Guan, J. Hu, C. Guo, Z. Yang, S. Wang, D. Liu, B. Wang, S. Lu and R. Zhou. 2020. Eight high-quality genomes reveal pan-genome architecture and ecotype differentiation of Brassica napus. Nature plants, 6, (1) 34-45.
Sridhar, V. V., A. Surendrarao and Z. Liu. 2006. APETALA1 and SEPALLATA3 interact with SEUSS to mediate transcription repression during flower development. journals.biologists.com, 3159-3166
Su, C.-L., W.-C. Chen, A.-Y. Lee, C.-Y. Chen, Y.-C. A. Chang, Y.-T. Chao and M.-C. Shih. 2013. A modified ABCDE model of flowering in orchids based on gene expression profiling studies of the moth orchid Phalaenopsis aphrodite. PLoS One, 8, (11) e80462.
Wellmer, F. and J. L. Riechmann. 2010. Gene networks controlling the initiation of flower development. Trends in genetics, 26, (12) 519-527.
Yamaguchi, N. 2021. LEAFY, a pioneer transcription factor in plants: A mini-review. Frontiers in Plant Science, 12, 701406.
Yao, J.-L., C. Kang, C. Gu and A. P. Gleave. 2022. The roles of floral organ genes in regulating Rosaceae fruit development. Frontiers in Plant Science, 12, 644424.
Zhang, C., M. Jian, W. Li, X. Yao, C. Tan, Q. Qian, Y. Hu, X. Liu and X. Hou. 2023. Gibberellin signaling modulates flowering via the DELLA–BRAHMA–NF-YC module in Arabidopsis. The Plant Cell, 35, (9) 3470-3484.
Zhang, S., C. Gottschalk and S. Van Nocker. 2019. Genetic mechanisms in the repression of flowering by gibberellins in apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.). BMC genomics, 20, 1-15.
Zheng, Y., N. Ren, H. Wang, A. J. Stromberg and S. E. Perry. 2009. Global identification of targets of the Arabidopsis MADS domain protein AGAMOUS-Like15. The Plant Cell, 21, (9) 2563-2577.