تحلیل و ارزیابی معماری جمعی بر مبنای شاخصه های احساس جمعی
محورهای موضوعی : معماریحامد کامل نیا 1 , سید غلامرضا اسلامی 2 , پیروز حناچی 3
1 - استادیار و عضوهیئت علمی دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد
2 - استادیار دانشکده معماری، پردیس هنرهای زیبا، دانشگاه تهران
3 - دانشیار دانشکده معماری، پردیس هنرهای زیبا، دانشگاه تهران
کلید واژه: مشارکت, Participatory design, معماری جمعی, Community Architecture, شاخصههای احساس جمعی, شهر دوستار کودک بم, SCI, Child-friendly City of BAM,
چکیده مقاله :
استفاده از مشارکت کاربران در فرآیند طراحی با وجود توجه و مطالعات مختلف نتوانسته است نتایج چندانی را درعرصه کاربرد به همراه داشته باشد. یکی از دلایل اصلی ناکارآمدی استفاده از روشهای مشارکتی در معماری، عدم تحلیلو ارزیابی مناسب نمونه های کاربردی رویکردهای مشارکتی در معماری است. شاخصه های احساس جمعی از نمونه هایشاخصه های سنجشی هستند که میتوان با بررسی و تحلیل آنها میزان مشارکت پذیری کاربران و تاثیر آنها را در یکفرآیند طراحی مشارکتی تا حدودی سنجید. در پروژه ای مشارکتی صورت گرفته در شهر دوستار کودک ـ بم که استفادهاز روشهای مشارکتی در طراحی مورد نظر بوده، نتایج حاصل از بررسی شاخصه های احساس جمعی نشاندهندههمبستگی میان این فاکتورها و میزان مشارکت کاربران در طراحی است اما با وجود این عدم استفاده از روش ها وسطوح مشارکتی مناسب برای مشارکت کنندگان، موجب شده تا عملا نتایج قابل قبولی در این بخش بوجود نیاید.
User participation in many projects, couldn't reach to important outcomes and in spite of many researches, there is a real tendency for architects to do it. One of the most important reasons for this is lack of assessing and analyzing the participatory projects. Today, usage of community architecture is broader than participatory architecture. Community architecture is a recent approach of achievements by community groups who have been effective in shaping their environment. The term community is used in different ways but two major use are more important: first is the territorial and geographical notion of community-neighborhood, town, and city. The second is relational concerned with quality of character of human relationship without reference to location. Community Architecture consider to cultural values and behavioral needs of community to improve the quality of the built environment. Different typology of participation exist through a participatory process:”self-mobilization”, “giving information”, ”consultative design”, ”functional participation”, ”interactive participation”, “regionalism” and “interpretive participation”. Current state of the literature shows tow approaches: first: sociological approach that searching for local community functioning and second: psychological approach that focus on psychological sense of community. Sense of community (SC) factor is a useful assessing tool to find out outcomes of community participation. SC (sense of community) factors have four elements: 1-membership; 2-influence; 3-integration & fulfillment of needs; and 4-shared emotional connection. One of the participatory projects in this case, is child-friendly City of BAM. The CFC project in BAM (after destroyable earthquake 2003 in BAM, IRAN) was searching the main factors that make a city child friendly. Based on this goal, some workshops were hold at 2004 and children participated in order to form their environment. The workshops focused on community participation, using children as key planners of their own environment from city planning to design a school .in these workshops, children participated with some tools such as drawing, role playing, puzzle, workshops, behavioral mapping, etc. After 5 years later, a POE was held to assessing on the projects (dream school). The result shows little relation between children ideas and the built school. Children priorities to design their school is differ to architect priorities and the built environment is not outcome of children participation and their needs and dreams but there is a relation between SCI factors and children participation. A correlation research method shows that there is a meaningful relation between SCI factors and participation of users (children) in design process of architecture. On the other hand, existing sense of community factors (in case BAM, this is because of earthquake) among users is a necessary condition to use participatory methods in architectural design process. Studies of child friendly city project in BAM (post earthquake) shows that we can reach the proper goals of community participation in the built environment, not only by accurate participatory tools, methods and levels, but also with existence of sense of community among the users. So, today new paradigms of community participation in design process is based on SC factors and fostering sense of community among users can provide better context to reach aims of community design.
1 .احمدی، حسن(1379 (مشارکت مردم در بازسازی شهرهای زلزله
زده، رساله دکتری شهرسازی، دانشکده هنرهای زیبا، دانشگاه تهران
2 .حاجی پور، خلیل(1385 " ،(برنامه ریزی محله – مبنا"رهیافتی
کارآمد در ایجاد مدیریت شهری پایدار , نشریه هنرهای زیبا،
شماره 26.
3 .حبیبی، محسن- سعیدی رضوانی، هادی(1384 ،(شهرسازی مشارکتی:
کاوشی نظری در شرایط ایران، نشریه هنرهای زیبا، شماره 24.
4 .سعیدی رضوانی، هادی، (1385 (عملیاتی کردن شهرسازی
مشارکتی در شرایط ایران: نمونه قلعه آبکوه مشهد، نشریه هنرهای
زیبا, شماره 28.
5 .علوی تبار، علیرضا(1379 (بررسی الگوی مشارکت شهروندان
دراداره امورشهرها، سازمان شهرداری های کشور.
6 .کامل نیا، حامد(1387 (معماری و الگوواره های طراحی جمعی:
بررسی تطبیقی رویکرد معماری جمعی از منظر روانشناسی محیط، پایان
نامه دکترای معماری، پردیس هنرهای زیبا، دانشگاه تهران
7. Chavis D.M., & Wandersman A., (1990) Sense of
community in the urban environment: A catalyst for
participation and community development, American
Journal of Community Psychology,Vol 18(1). 55-81
8. Corsi M., (2002) The child friendly cities initiative in Italy,
Environment & urbanization,Vol 14.
9. Davidson W. & Cotter P., (1986) Sense of Community and
Political Participation, Journal of Community
Psychology,Vol 17.
10. Davidson W, Cotter P.,(1986) Measurement of Sense of
Community Within the Sphere of the Cities, Journal of
Applied Social Psychology, No16.
11. Davidson W, Cotter P.,(1993) Psychological Sense of
Community and Support for Public School, Journal of
Community Psychology,No21.
12. Dierkx, R. (2005) Child-Friendly and sustainable
programming and design of new cities within context of
community: The case of Bam, Iran, International
conference of new towns, Tehran, Iran.
13. Glynn T.,(1981) Psychological Sense of Community,
Measurement and Application, 34.
14. Gusfield, J. R. (1975) The community: A critical response.
New York, Harper Colophon.
15. Gusfield, J. R. (1975) The community: A critical response.
New York, Harper Colophon.
16. Hill J.,(1996) Psychological Sense of Community, Journal
of Community Psychology,No24.
17. Islami S. Gh.R,(1998) Endogenous Development: A Model
for the Process of Man-environment Transaction,
Unpublished PhD Thesis, Heriot-Watt University,Edinburge.
UK.
18. Islami S.Gh.R.,(2003) Paradigm Lost:Design Process and
the Role of Users" Participation in an Endogenous
Development, in 5th International Conference on Human
Habitat, Rizvi Collage of Architecture, Mumbai, India.
19. McMillan D.& Chavis D.,(1986) Sense of Community: A
Definition and Theory, Journal of Community
Psychology,14.
20. Midgley J.,(1986) Community participation, New York,
Methuen.
21. Rismanchian, O. Rismanchian, A. (2007) Children
participation in planning processes: the case of Child
Friendly City project in post-earthquake Bam, Iran,
Urban design International, 12.
22. Sanoff H., (2000) Community Participation Methods in
Design and Planning. New York, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
23. Sarason S.B., (1974) The psychological sense of
community: Prospects for a community psychology, San
Francisco, Jossey-Bass
24. S.C.P(sense of community partners)(2004) Exploring sense
of community: An annotated bibliography, national
library of Canada.
25. UNICEF IRC. (2004) Building Child Friendly Cities, A
Framework for Action. UNICEF Innocenti Research
Centre. www.childfriendlycities.org/pdf/
26. UNICEF RC. (2005) Child Friendly Cities, A Progress
Report on the CFC Initiative in Bam, IRAN. UNICEF
Resource Centre. www.unicef.org/iran/
IRN_resources_CFC_eng-PDF.pdf.
27. Zargar A.,(1989) Reconstruction of War-damaged
Rural Areas of Khuzestan,Iran, Unpublished D.Phil
dissertation, Institude of Adva