شناسایی قواعد آمره حقوق بین‌الملل با نگاهی به امکان ظهور قواعد آمره در حقوق بین‌الملل محیط‌زیست
محورهای موضوعی :
حقوق محیط زیست
مجتبی سبحانی نیا
1
,
محسن عبدالهی
2
,
سید عباس پورهاشمی
3
1 - دانشجوی دکتری حقوق محیط‌زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و محیط‌زیست، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران.
2 - عضوهیات علمی دانشکده حقوق دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران. *(مسوول مکاتبات)
3 - عضو هیات علمی و رییس موسسه تخصصی حقوق بین الملل کانادا، تورنتو، کانادا
تاریخ دریافت : 1401/06/19
تاریخ پذیرش : 1401/09/02
تاریخ انتشار : 1402/01/01
کلید واژه:
قاعده حقوق بین‌الملل عام,
قاعده آمره حقوق بین‌الملل,
پذیرش و شناسایی,
حقوق بین‌الملل محیط زیست,
مسئولیت بین‌المللی دولت‌ها,
چکیده مقاله :
یکی از مفاهیم کلیدی که در توسعه حقوق بین‌الملل نقش مهم داشته است، مفهوم قواعد آمره بوده است. قواعد آمره به دلیل ماهیت بنیادین و تخطی‌ناپذیری در رأس سلسله مراتب هنجاری در حقوق بین‌الملل قرار می‌گیرند و براین اساس تمامی دولت‌ها در رعایت آنها دارای منفعت حقوقی هستند. علیرغم اینکه درباره مفهوم قواعد آمره به عنوان بخشی از بدنه حقوق بین‌الملل، کمتر تردید شده است، ضوابط شناسایی و محتوای آن همواره محل بحث بوده است؛ از این رو، چیستی این قواعد و ارائه راهکاری دقیق برای شناسایی آن یکی از مسائل مناقشه‌برانگیز و دشوار حقوق بین‌الملل به شمار می‌آید. این مقاله در پی پاسخگویی به این سؤال است که با توسل به چه معیارهایی می‌توان قواعد آمره را در پهنه حقوق بین‌الملل مورد شناسایی قرار داد و پس از آن نگاهی به امکان ظهور قواعد آمره در قلمرو حقوق بین‌الملل محیط زیست خواهد کرد. روش بررسی این پژوهش، تحلیلی-توصیفی می‌باشد و شیوه گردآوری اطلاعات، کتابخانه‌ای است. با هدف زدودن ابهامات در خصوص چگونگی شناسایی قواعد آمره، دو معیار قاعده حقوق بین‌الملل عام و پذیرش و شناسایی به عنوان معیارهای پیشنهادی در این راستا مورد واکاوی قرار خواهند گرفت. یافته‌های این پژوهش نشان می‌دهد برخی قواعد مرتبط با حقوق بین‌الملل محیط‌زیست، از جایگاه قاعدة آمره برخوردار بوده؛ ولی می‌بایست از سوی جامعة بین‌المللی دولت‌ها در کُل نیز مورد پذیرش و شناسایی واقع گردند؛ که تا آن زمان قواعد مذکور فاقد اثر آمره خواهند بود.
چکیده انگلیسی:
Jus Cogens norms of international law are among the key concepts cotibuting the development of international law. These norms stand out among other international norms because they uphold the fundamental values of the international community; contrary to mutual international obligations, these norms are owed by and in the interest of all states. Although there is no uncertainty regarding the concept of Jus Cogens norms in the international law literature, the identification parameters and contents of such norms have always been subject to debate.
Therefore, it is both controversial and difficult to explain the nature of Jus Cogens norms and develop an effective solution to identify them. This descriptive-analytical desk research seeks to answer this question: What criteria could be helpful in identifying such norms against the backdrop of international law? And consequently which Jus Cogens norms belong to the realm of international environmental law. To shed light on how to correctly identify Jus Cogens norms, this study proposes and examines two criteria: the 'rule of general international law" and the "acceptance and recognition".
The results show that some principles of international environmental law, despite the fact that have the potential to become Jus Cogens norms, they have not been able to achieve that status, yet.
منابع و مأخذ:
Meron, T. The Humanization of International Law. 2006. Brill Publication.
G. Unilateral Economic Sanctions Adopted to React to an Erga Omnes Obligations. 2019. Chinese Journal of International Law. Vol. 10.
Razzaghi, A., Shaygan, F. The Concept of International Solidarity and its Impacts on the Structure of Modern International Law. 2021. Public Law Studies Quarterly, 50 (4), 1441-1461. (In Persian)
M., Abdollahi, M., Poorhashemi, S. Analysis of Normative Hierarchy in International Environmental Law. 2021. Sustainability, Development & Environment, 2 (4), 77-92. (In Persian)
Vidmar, J. Norm conflicts and hierarchy in international law: towards a vertical international legal system? in Hierarchy in International Law: The Place of Human Rights. 2011. Erika de Wet and Jure Vidmar, eds. Oxford, Oxford Scholarship Online.
Shelton, D. Normative Hierarchy in International Law. 2006. American Journal of International Law. 100, 2.
kelsen, H. Pure Theory of Law. 1967. University of Califonia Press.
de Wet, E. Jus Cogens and Obligations Erga Omnes in The Oxford Handbook of International Human Rights Law. 2013. Dinah Shelton, ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Shelton, D. Jus Cogens. 2021.Oxford University Press.
Knuchel, S. Jus Cogens: Identification and Enforcement of Peremptory Norms. 2015. Zurich: Schulthess.
Cassese, A. For an enhanced role of jus cogens in Antonio Cassese, ed., Realizing Utopia: The Future of International Law. 2012. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Cassese, A. International Law, 2nd edition. 2015. Oxford, Oxford University Press, p. 199
Knuchel, S. Jus Cogens: Identification and Enforcement of Peremptory Norms. 2015. Zurich: Schulthess.
Abdollahi, M., Behzadi, K. Impeding to Peremptory Status of Prohibitions on Use of Force. 2020. International Law Review, 37 (63), 171-198. (In Persian)
Shelton, D. Jus Cogens. 2021. Oxford University Press.
Tladi, D. Second Report on Peremptory Norms of General International Law (Jus Cogens). 2017. International Law Commission. U.N. Doc. A/CN.4/106.
Christofolo, J. E. Solving Antinomies between Peremptory Norms in Public International Law. 2016. Schulthess.
Orakhelashvili, A. Peremptory Norms in International Law. 2016. Oxford University Press.
Vidmar, J. Norm conflicts and hierarchy in international law: towards a vertical international legal system? in Hierarchy in International Law: The Place of Human Rights .2011. Erika de Wet and Jure Vidmar, eds. Oxford, Oxford Scholarship Online.
Costello, C., Foster, M. The Oxford Handbook of International Refugee Law. 2021. Oxford University Press.
Kadelbach, Stefan. Genesis, Function and Identification of Jus Cogens Norms. in Netherlands Yearbook of International Law: Jus Cogens-Quo Vadis? 2016. T.M.C. Asser Press. vol. 46.
Boyle, A., Redgwell, C. International Law and Environment. 2021. Oxford University Press.
Beyelin, U., Marauhn, T. International Environmental Law. 2011. Hart Publication.
Singleton, C. International Legal Sources and Global Environmental Crises.1995. Oxford University Press.
Orakhelashvili, A. Peremptory Norms in International Law. 2016. Oxford University Press.
Trail Smelter Arbitration, 3 RIAA 1903.
Beyerlin U, Marauhn T. International Environmental Law. Hart Publication.
_||_
Meron, T. The Humanization of International Law. 2006. Brill Publication.
G. Unilateral Economic Sanctions Adopted to React to an Erga Omnes Obligations. 2019. Chinese Journal of International Law. Vol. 10.
Razzaghi, A., Shaygan, F. The Concept of International Solidarity and its Impacts on the Structure of Modern International Law. 2021. Public Law Studies Quarterly, 50 (4), 1441-1461. (In Persian)
M., Abdollahi, M., Poorhashemi, S. Analysis of Normative Hierarchy in International Environmental Law. 2021. Sustainability, Development & Environment, 2 (4), 77-92. (In Persian)
Vidmar, J. Norm conflicts and hierarchy in international law: towards a vertical international legal system? in Hierarchy in International Law: The Place of Human Rights. 2011. Erika de Wet and Jure Vidmar, eds. Oxford, Oxford Scholarship Online.
Shelton, D. Normative Hierarchy in International Law. 2006. American Journal of International Law. 100, 2.
kelsen, H. Pure Theory of Law. 1967. University of Califonia Press.
de Wet, E. Jus Cogens and Obligations Erga Omnes in The Oxford Handbook of International Human Rights Law. 2013. Dinah Shelton, ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Shelton, D. Jus Cogens. 2021.Oxford University Press.
Knuchel, S. Jus Cogens: Identification and Enforcement of Peremptory Norms. 2015. Zurich: Schulthess.
Cassese, A. For an enhanced role of jus cogens in Antonio Cassese, ed., Realizing Utopia: The Future of International Law. 2012. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Cassese, A. International Law, 2nd edition. 2015. Oxford, Oxford University Press, p. 199
Knuchel, S. Jus Cogens: Identification and Enforcement of Peremptory Norms. 2015. Zurich: Schulthess.
Abdollahi, M., Behzadi, K. Impeding to Peremptory Status of Prohibitions on Use of Force. 2020. International Law Review, 37 (63), 171-198. (In Persian)
Shelton, D. Jus Cogens. 2021. Oxford University Press.
Tladi, D. Second Report on Peremptory Norms of General International Law (Jus Cogens). 2017. International Law Commission. U.N. Doc. A/CN.4/106.
Christofolo, J. E. Solving Antinomies between Peremptory Norms in Public International Law. 2016. Schulthess.
Orakhelashvili, A. Peremptory Norms in International Law. 2016. Oxford University Press.
Vidmar, J. Norm conflicts and hierarchy in international law: towards a vertical international legal system? in Hierarchy in International Law: The Place of Human Rights .2011. Erika de Wet and Jure Vidmar, eds. Oxford, Oxford Scholarship Online.
Costello, C., Foster, M. The Oxford Handbook of International Refugee Law. 2021. Oxford University Press.
Kadelbach, Stefan. Genesis, Function and Identification of Jus Cogens Norms. in Netherlands Yearbook of International Law: Jus Cogens-Quo Vadis? 2016. T.M.C. Asser Press. vol. 46.
Boyle, A., Redgwell, C. International Law and Environment. 2021. Oxford University Press.
Beyelin, U., Marauhn, T. International Environmental Law. 2011. Hart Publication.
Singleton, C. International Legal Sources and Global Environmental Crises.1995. Oxford University Press.
Orakhelashvili, A. Peremptory Norms in International Law. 2016. Oxford University Press.
Trail Smelter Arbitration, 3 RIAA 1903.
Beyerlin U, Marauhn T. International Environmental Law. Hart Publication.
