بررسی منابع، ساختار شیمیایی، اثرات بهداشتی و محیط زیستی فلزات سنگین در خاک
محورهای موضوعی :
آلودگی خاک
حمید عباسی تبار
1
,
عیسی سلگی
2
,
کامران شایسته
3
,
ثمر مرتضوی
4
1 - دانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد محیط زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و محیط زیست، دانشگاه ملایر
2 - دانشیار گروه محیط زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و محیط زیست، دانشگاه ملایر
3 - استادیار گروه محیط زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و محیط زیست، دانشگاه ملایر
4 - استادیار گروه محیط زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و محیط زیست، دانشگاه ملایر
تاریخ دریافت : 1395/04/19
تاریخ پذیرش : 1401/04/11
تاریخ انتشار : 1401/01/01
کلید واژه:
اثرات بهداشتی - محیط زیستی,
آلودگی خاک,
عناصر سنگین,
ساختار شیمیایی,
منابع,
چکیده مقاله :
زمینه و هدف : خاک یکی از مهمترین اجزاء اکوسیستم است که محیطی مناسب برای ذخیره عناصر غذایی و انجام فرآیندهای بیولوژیکی و شیمیایی می باشد و به عنوان یک فیلتر طبیعی با نگهداری و انتقال آلاینده ها، اثرات مضر آنها را کاهش می دهد. این پژوهش با هدف بررسی منابع، ساختار شیمیایی و اثرات بهداشتی و محیط زیستی برخی فلزات سنگین موجود در خاک انجام گرفت.روش بررسی : روش تحقیق به صورت نظری و استفاده از منابع کتابخانه ای بود. در ابتدا منابع و سپس ساختار و اثرات بهداشتی و محیط زیستی فلزات سنگین در خاک بررسی گردید.یافته ها : نتایج نشان می دهد که فلزات سنگین بر خلاف آلوده کننده های آلی، تغییر ناپذیر و غیر قابل تجزیه و دارای اثرات فیزیولوژی بر موجودات زنده می باشند و در غلظت های کم حائز اهمیت می باشد. فلزات سنگین به طور طبیعی در خاک بر اثر فرآیندهای پدوژنیک ایجاد می شوند. عواملی انسانی همچون توسعه مناطق صنعتی، پسماندهای معدنی، استفاده از کودهای شیمیایی، آفت کشها، لجن فاضلاب و آبیاری زمینهای کشاورزی با فاضلاب، باقی مانده های ناشی از سوختن زغال سنگ، پتروشیمی ها و رسوبات اتمسفری می توانند غلظت این فلزات را افزایش داده و باعث آلودگی خاک به فلزات سنگین شوند.بحث و نتیجه گیری : خاک نقش بسیار مهمی در تامین غذا برای انسان و دیگر موجودات دارد و آلوده شدن آن توسط فلزات سنگین می تواند اثرات جبران ناپذیری به همراه داشته باشد. شناخت کافی از غلظت، منابع، ساختار شیمیایی و پتانسیل خطرات بهداشتی و محیط زیستی فلزات سنگین، برای پیشگیری از آلودگی و انتخاب روش مناسب جهت اصلاح و بازسازی خاک ضروری است. ایجاد منابع قابل دسترس برای تولیدات کشاورزی و افزایش امنیت غذایی از اهداف اصلاح خاک های آلوده می باشد.
چکیده انگلیسی:
Background and Purpose: Soil is one of the most important components of the ecosystem, which is a suitable environment for storing nutrients and performing biological and chemical processes, and as a natural filter by storing and transporting pollutants, reduces their harmful effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the sources, chemical structure and health and environmental effects of some heavy metals in the soil.Material and Methodology: The research method was theoretically and using library resources. First, the sources and then the structure and health and environmental effects of heavy metals in the soil were studied.Results: Results show that heavy metals, unlike organic pollutants, are immutable and non-biodegradable and have physiological effects on living organisms and thus are important in low concentrations. Heavy metals are formed naturally in the soil by pedogenic processes. Human factors such as the development of industrial areas, mining waste, use of chemical fertilizers, animal, pesticides, Sewage sludge and irrigation of agricultural lands with sewage, residues resulting from the burning of coal, petrochemical and atmospheric deposition can increase the concentration of these metals and cause soil contamination with heavy metals.Discussion and Conclusion: Soil plays a very important role in providing food for humans and other organisms, and its contamination by heavy metals can have irreversible effects. Adequate knowledge of the concentration, sources, chemical structure and potential health and environmental hazards of heavy metals is essential to prevent pollution and to select the appropriate method for soil remediation. Creating accessible resources for agricultural production and increasing food security is one of the goals of improving contaminated soils.
منابع و مأخذ:
Rahmani poor, F., Bahrami, H., Rahimi, S., Zahra Fereidooni, Z. 2012. Quantitative Evaluation of Soil Quality and Its Spatial Distribution in Some Agricultural Regions of Qazvin Province, Iran. Journal of Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research, 43 (1): 1 - 8. (In Persian)
Liu, X., Wu, J., Xu, J. 2006. Characterizing the risk assessment of heavy metals and sampling uncertainty analysis in paddy field by geostatistics and GIS. Journal of Environmental Pollution. 141: 257 – 264.
Zhao, K., Liu. X., Xu, J., Selim, H. 2010. Heavy metal contamination in soil – rice system: Identification of spatial dependence in relation to soil properties of paddy fields. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 181: 778 – 787.
Delijani, F., Kazemi, GH., Parvin nia, M., Khakshoor, M. 2009. Heavy metal enrichment and distribution in the soils of South Pars Special Economic Zone (Asaluyeh). 8th International Congress of Civil Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran. (In Persian)
Wu, C., Zhang, L. 2010. Heavy metal concentration and their possible sources in paddy soils of a modern agricultural zone, southeastern China. Journal of Environmental Earth. 60: 45 – 56.
Dayani, M., Mohammadi, J., Naderi, M. 2010. Geostatistical Analysis of Pb, Zn and Cd concentration in soil of Sepahanshahr suburb (south of Esfahan). Journal of Water and soil, Volume 23 (4) : 67 – 76. (In Persian)
Wong, S. C., Li, X. D., Zhang, G., Qi, S. H., Min, Y. S. 2002. Heavy metals in agricultural soils of the Pearl River Delta, South China. Journal of Environmental Pollution. 119: 33 – 44.
Salazar, M. J., Rodriguez, J. H., Nieto, G. L., Pignata, M. L. 2012. Effects of heavy metal concentrations (Cd, Zn, and Pb) in agricultural soils near different emission sources on quality, accumulation and food safety in soybean [Glycine max (L) Merrill]. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 233: 244 – 253.
Sepehri, M., Saleh Rastin, N., Asadi Rahmani, H., Alikhani. H. 2006. Effects of Soil Pollution by Cadmium on Nodulation and Nitrogen Fixation Ability of Native Strains of Sinorhizobium meliloti. JCPP, 10 (1) :153-163 (In Persian)
Li, X., Liu, H., Meng, W., Liu, N., Wu, P. 2022. Accumulation and source apportionment of heavy metal(loid)s in agricultural soils based on GIS, SOM and PMF: A case study in superposition areas of geochemical anomalies and zinc smelting, Southwest China. Journal of Process Safety and Environmental Protection, Volume 159 : Pages 964-977.
Wuana, R.A., Okieimen, F. E. 2011. Heavy metals in contaminated soils: A review of sources, chemistry, risks and best available strategies for remediation. Journal of Internation Scholarly Research Network Ecology. 402647, 20 pp.
Makino, T. , Luo, Y. , Akahane, I. , Arao, T. , Maejima, Y. , Sakurai, Y. , Wu, L. Heavy metal pollution of soil and alleviation methods based on soil chemistry. Journal of Pedologist. 53(3): 38 – 49.
Kalantari, N., Sajjadi, Z., Makvandi, M., Keshavarzi, M., 2011. Chemical properties of soil and groundwater of Asaluyeh alluvial plain, with emphasis on heavy metal pollution. Journal of Geotechnical Geology, Volume 7 (4): 333-342. (In Persian)
Taghipour, M., khademi, H., Ayoubi, Sh. 2010. Spatial variability of Pb and Zn concentration and its relationship with land use and parent materials in selected surface soils of Hamadan province. Volume 24 (1): 132 – 144. (In Persian)
Yu, L., Xin, G., Gang, W., Qiang, Z., Qiong, S., Guoju, X. 2008. Heavy metal contamination and source in arid agricultural soil in central Gansu Province, China. Journal of Environmental Sciences. 20: 607 – 612.
Atafar, Z., Mesdaghinia, A., Nouri, J., Homaee, M., Yunesian, M., Ahmadimoghaddam, M., Hossein Mahvi, A. 2010. Effect of fertilizer application on soil heavy metal concentration. Journal of Environmental Monitoring Assessment. 160: 83 – 89.
Ajayi, S. O., Odesanya,B . O., Avwioroko, A. O., Adebambo, G. S., Okafor, B. 2012. Effects of long term fertilizer use on trace metal levels of soil in a farm settlement. Journal of Agricultural Research and Development. 2: 44 – 51.
Boudaghi, H., Yonesian, M., Mahvi, A. H., Ali Mohammadi, M., Dehghani, M. H., Nazmara, S. 2012. Cadmium, Lead and Arsenic Concentration in Soil and Underground Water and its Relationship with Chemical Fertilizer in Paddy Soil. J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci. 21 (1) :20-28 (In Persian)
Bini, C., Wahsha, M., Fontana, S., Maleci, L. 2012. Effects of heavy metals on morphological characteristics of Taraxacum officinale Web growing on min soils in NE Italy. Journal of Geochemical Exploration. 123: 101 – 108.
Giaccio, L., Cicchella, D., Vivo, B., Lombardi, G., Rosa, M. 2012. Does heavy metals pollution affects semen quality in men? A case of study in the metropolitan area of Naples (Italy). Journal of Geochemical Exploration. 112: 218 – 225.
Rahmani, H., Kalbasi, M., Hajrasuliha, S. 2001. Lead-Polluted Soil along Some Iranian Highways. JWSS, 4 (4) :31-42 (In Persian)
Esmaili sari, A. Pollution, Health & Environmental Standards. 2002. Tehran: Naghsh Mehr. (In Persian)
Davodi, M., Shahbazi, K., Bazargan, K. Investigation of standard status of heavy metals in fertilizers. The First Congress of Fertilizer Challenges in Iran: Half a Century of Fertilizer Consumption, Tehran, Olympic Hotel. (In Persian)
Mico, C., Peris, M., Sanchez, J., Recatala, L. 2006. Heavy metal content of agricultural soils in a Mediterranean semiarid area: the segura River Valley (Alicante, Spain). Journal of Agricultural Research. 4(4): 363 – 372.
Kabata-Pendias, A., Pendias, H., 2001. Trace Elements in Soils and Plants. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
Amini, M., Afyuni, M., Khademi, H. 2007. Modeling Cadmium and Lead Balances in Agricultural Lands of Isfahan Region, Central Iran. JCPP, 10 (4) :77-90. (In Persian)
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Rahmani poor, F., Bahrami, H., Rahimi, S., Zahra Fereidooni, Z. 2012. Quantitative Evaluation of Soil Quality and Its Spatial Distribution in Some Agricultural Regions of Qazvin Province, Iran. Journal of Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research, 43 (1): 1 - 8. (In Persian)
Liu, X., Wu, J., Xu, J. 2006. Characterizing the risk assessment of heavy metals and sampling uncertainty analysis in paddy field by geostatistics and GIS. Journal of Environmental Pollution. 141: 257 – 264.
Zhao, K., Liu. X., Xu, J., Selim, H. 2010. Heavy metal contamination in soil – rice system: Identification of spatial dependence in relation to soil properties of paddy fields. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 181: 778 – 787.
Delijani, F., Kazemi, GH., Parvin nia, M., Khakshoor, M. 2009. Heavy metal enrichment and distribution in the soils of South Pars Special Economic Zone (Asaluyeh). 8th International Congress of Civil Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran. (In Persian)
Wu, C., Zhang, L. 2010. Heavy metal concentration and their possible sources in paddy soils of a modern agricultural zone, southeastern China. Journal of Environmental Earth. 60: 45 – 56.
Dayani, M., Mohammadi, J., Naderi, M. 2010. Geostatistical Analysis of Pb, Zn and Cd concentration in soil of Sepahanshahr suburb (south of Esfahan). Journal of Water and soil, Volume 23 (4) : 67 – 76. (In Persian)
Wong, S. C., Li, X. D., Zhang, G., Qi, S. H., Min, Y. S. 2002. Heavy metals in agricultural soils of the Pearl River Delta, South China. Journal of Environmental Pollution. 119: 33 – 44.
Salazar, M. J., Rodriguez, J. H., Nieto, G. L., Pignata, M. L. 2012. Effects of heavy metal concentrations (Cd, Zn, and Pb) in agricultural soils near different emission sources on quality, accumulation and food safety in soybean [Glycine max (L) Merrill]. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 233: 244 – 253.
Sepehri, M., Saleh Rastin, N., Asadi Rahmani, H., Alikhani. H. 2006. Effects of Soil Pollution by Cadmium on Nodulation and Nitrogen Fixation Ability of Native Strains of Sinorhizobium meliloti. JCPP, 10 (1) :153-163 (In Persian)
Li, X., Liu, H., Meng, W., Liu, N., Wu, P. 2022. Accumulation and source apportionment of heavy metal(loid)s in agricultural soils based on GIS, SOM and PMF: A case study in superposition areas of geochemical anomalies and zinc smelting, Southwest China. Journal of Process Safety and Environmental Protection, Volume 159 : Pages 964-977.
Wuana, R.A., Okieimen, F. E. 2011. Heavy metals in contaminated soils: A review of sources, chemistry, risks and best available strategies for remediation. Journal of Internation Scholarly Research Network Ecology. 402647, 20 pp.
Makino, T. , Luo, Y. , Akahane, I. , Arao, T. , Maejima, Y. , Sakurai, Y. , Wu, L. Heavy metal pollution of soil and alleviation methods based on soil chemistry. Journal of Pedologist. 53(3): 38 – 49.
Kalantari, N., Sajjadi, Z., Makvandi, M., Keshavarzi, M., 2011. Chemical properties of soil and groundwater of Asaluyeh alluvial plain, with emphasis on heavy metal pollution. Journal of Geotechnical Geology, Volume 7 (4): 333-342. (In Persian)
Taghipour, M., khademi, H., Ayoubi, Sh. 2010. Spatial variability of Pb and Zn concentration and its relationship with land use and parent materials in selected surface soils of Hamadan province. Volume 24 (1): 132 – 144. (In Persian)
Yu, L., Xin, G., Gang, W., Qiang, Z., Qiong, S., Guoju, X. 2008. Heavy metal contamination and source in arid agricultural soil in central Gansu Province, China. Journal of Environmental Sciences. 20: 607 – 612.
Atafar, Z., Mesdaghinia, A., Nouri, J., Homaee, M., Yunesian, M., Ahmadimoghaddam, M., Hossein Mahvi, A. 2010. Effect of fertilizer application on soil heavy metal concentration. Journal of Environmental Monitoring Assessment. 160: 83 – 89.
Ajayi, S. O., Odesanya,B . O., Avwioroko, A. O., Adebambo, G. S., Okafor, B. 2012. Effects of long term fertilizer use on trace metal levels of soil in a farm settlement. Journal of Agricultural Research and Development. 2: 44 – 51.
Boudaghi, H., Yonesian, M., Mahvi, A. H., Ali Mohammadi, M., Dehghani, M. H., Nazmara, S. 2012. Cadmium, Lead and Arsenic Concentration in Soil and Underground Water and its Relationship with Chemical Fertilizer in Paddy Soil. J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci. 21 (1) :20-28 (In Persian)
Bini, C., Wahsha, M., Fontana, S., Maleci, L. 2012. Effects of heavy metals on morphological characteristics of Taraxacum officinale Web growing on min soils in NE Italy. Journal of Geochemical Exploration. 123: 101 – 108.
Giaccio, L., Cicchella, D., Vivo, B., Lombardi, G., Rosa, M. 2012. Does heavy metals pollution affects semen quality in men? A case of study in the metropolitan area of Naples (Italy). Journal of Geochemical Exploration. 112: 218 – 225.
Rahmani, H., Kalbasi, M., Hajrasuliha, S. 2001. Lead-Polluted Soil along Some Iranian Highways. JWSS, 4 (4) :31-42 (In Persian)
Esmaili sari, A. Pollution, Health & Environmental Standards. 2002. Tehran: Naghsh Mehr. (In Persian)
Davodi, M., Shahbazi, K., Bazargan, K. Investigation of standard status of heavy metals in fertilizers. The First Congress of Fertilizer Challenges in Iran: Half a Century of Fertilizer Consumption, Tehran, Olympic Hotel. (In Persian)
Mico, C., Peris, M., Sanchez, J., Recatala, L. 2006. Heavy metal content of agricultural soils in a Mediterranean semiarid area: the segura River Valley (Alicante, Spain). Journal of Agricultural Research. 4(4): 363 – 372.
Kabata-Pendias, A., Pendias, H., 2001. Trace Elements in Soils and Plants. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
Amini, M., Afyuni, M., Khademi, H. 2007. Modeling Cadmium and Lead Balances in Agricultural Lands of Isfahan Region, Central Iran. JCPP, 10 (4) :77-90. (In Persian)