از ذهن تا زبان: تبارشناسی نظریه زبانی جان لاک و چالشهای تفسیر آن
محورهای موضوعی : پژوهشهای معرفت شناختی
1 - گروه فلسفه پردیس فارابی دانشگاه تهران
کلید واژه: لاک, زبان, ذهن, عمل گرایی, ساختارگرایی, فمینیسم.,
چکیده مقاله :
چنانکه میدانیم، مباحث مربوط به زبان و ارتباط آن با عالم واقع؛ نقش زبان در تفکر (رابطه ذهن و زبان)، و نیز ساختار زبان و نحوه عملکرد آن از گذشتههای دور در ساحت فلسفه، و بعدها در روانشناسی و زبانشناسی مورد توجه قرار گرفته و همواره سیر جدالی و تکاملی داشته است. در مقاله حاضر موضوع دیالکتیک زبان و ذهن در اندیشه لاک با تمرکز بر تفسیرهای سنتی و نوین از آن در کانون توجه قرار گرفته است. با بررسی آراء معرفت شناسانه و زبان شناسانه لاک بویژه در کتابهای «جستار در باب فاهمه بشری» و نیز «برخی ملاحظات در باب آموزش» به این نتیجه میرسیم که او با طرح نظریه رمزگشایی زبانی، کلمات را نماد مفاهیم ذهنی و زبان را آئینه فرهنگ و واقعیت میداند. این دیدگاه به دلیل پیچیدگی و ظرافت؛ تنوع پیش فرضهای فلسفی و ایدئولوژیکی؛ تحولات تاریخی در فلسفه و زبان شناسی؛ و نهایتاً ابهام در نوشتار لاک با خوانشهای چهارگانه سنتی، ساختارگرا، عملگرا و فمینیستی همراه بوده است. در نوشتار حاضر ضمن تبیین و نقد و بررسی این رویکردهای چهارگانه و بیان نقاط قوت و ضعف هر یک، تلاش شده است به دور از جنجالهای سیاسی- اجتماعی، ایدئولوژیکی و فمینیستی، با یک نگاه صرفا فلسفی به آراء و اندیشه این فیلسوف راه یافته و تبیین جدیدی از نظریه زبانی وی ارائه گردد.
The relationship between language and reality, the role of language in thought, and the structure and function of language have been topics of interest in philosophy since ancient times. These topics became central to the study of psychology and linguistics in the 17th and 18th centuries. This paper examines the interplay between language and mind in Locke's thought, focusing on traditional and modern interpretations of his views. By examining Locke's epistemological and linguistic ideas, especially in his books "An Essay Concerning Human Understanding" and "Some Thoughts Concerning Education," we conclude that he proposes a theory of language as a system of codes. He considers words to be symbols of mental concepts and language to be a mirror of culture. Due to its complexity, subtlety, the diversity of philosophical and ideological presuppositions, historical developments in philosophy and linguistics, and ultimately the ambiguity in Locke's writing, this view has been interpreted in four different ways: traditional, structuralist, pragmatic, and feminist. This paper examines and critiques these four approaches, highlighting their strengths and weaknesses. It aims to present a philosophical explanation of Locke's linguistic theory, free from political, social, ideological, and feminist controversies.
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